The system has a collector site, which transfers the sample to strips containing drug-specific antibodies by lateral flow. Forensic Sci Int Synerg. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:11571179. Alternative biological matrices are biological fluids/tissues that can provide additional information and advantages in comparison to blood and urine testing, in several aspects such as sample collection, detection window and complexity of sample preparation/analysis. Forensic entomology is the utilization of insects in lawful issues and gets information about where, when, and the way crime was committed based on their distribution, ecology, biology, and conduct of insects present at the crime scene. In another study, heroin and its metabolites were confirmed in 78.1% of sweat samples using GCMS. Usually samples are stored in polypropylene or glass tubes, without adding any preservatives or adding fluorides (sodium or potassium), oxalates (calcium or potassium) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)disodium salt [151]. Google Scholar, Higashi T (2012) Salivary hormone measurement using LC/MS/MS: specific and patient-friendly tool for assessment of endocrine function. More than 98% of term infants pass their meconium within 48h after birth [98]. An official website of the United States government. Bushby SK, Thomas N, Priemel PA, Coulter CV, Rades T, Kieser JA. However, several limitations of entomotoxicology have been highlighted, especially concerning interpretation of the drug concentrations in insects on human forensic cases. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. J Anal Toxicol 23:168172. Sweat is the fluid produced by the eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. J Anal Toxicol 37:447451. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. J Anal Toxicol 41:473483. Epub 2019 Aug 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-021-00596-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-021-00596-5. Pediatrics 142:e20181076. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.054338(open access article), Tavares L, Monedeiro F, Bordin DM, De Martinis BS (2020) Investigation of ayahuasca -carboline alkaloids and tryptamine in sweat samples from religious community participants by GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol 44:601609. Int J Legal Med 125:181198. A diverse repertoire of analytical techniques has been reported in the analysis of VH specimens. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine J Chromatogr B 945946:8491. For example, in a study by Harper [157], postmortem blood and VH were collected from 51 decedents and microbiological analyses revealed no significant amounts of bacteria or fungi in VH and high diversity of microorganisms in 32 postmortem blood specimens. In human performance toxicology, a dose-response relationship between a drug(s) present in the body and the effects on the body are examined. A false negative result may be due to instability of some analytes in meconium (e.g., FAEEs, 6-MAM); inappropriately high cut-off concentration; delayed meconium collection (collected sample is transition stool or milk stool); inappropriate analytical targets (analytes not common in urine can improve detection of drug in meconium, e.g., m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine and p-hydroxymethamphetamine) [110, 123]. Clin Obstet Gynecol 56:202211. Clin Chem 61:523532. While hydrophilic composition represents the largest portion of this fluid, hydrophobic content may consist of less than 1% of sweat fraction, being mainly derived from sebum and apocrine secretion [77]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5279-6, Kovatsi L, Rentifis K, Giannakis D, Njau S, Samanidou V (2011) Disposable pipette extraction for gas chromatographic determination of codeine, morphine, and 6-monoacetylmorphine in vitreous humor. This device has been mainly used by law enforcement for roadside screening for driving under the influence of drugs [88]. The risk assessment in breastfed babies requires more quantitative data, as well as an understanding of the factors determining exposure after oral maternal ingestion followed by excretion into HBM. J Pharm Biomed Anal 172:4249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.046, Risoluti R, Gullifa G, Buiarelli F, Materazzi S (2020) Real time detection of amphetamine in oral fluids by MicroNIR/Chemometrics. Hair is a filamentous structure constituted of keratin (6595%), water (1535%), lipids (19%) and some minerals (0.250.95%). Epub 2011 Jan 14. Use of insects as alternative matrix for drug detection is well documented and recommended when conventional matrices such as blood, urine or internal organs are no longer available. Springer Publishing Co, New York, Bertrand KA, Hanan NJ, Honerkamp-Smith G, Best BM, Chambers CD (2018) Marijuana use by breastfeeding mothers and cannabinoid concentrations in breast milk. The application of VH in forensic analyses is based on several advantages of this matrix. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio.15.229(open access article), Aberl F, VanDine R (2005) Saliva and sweat testing with Drugwipe. Mechanisms of transportation of substances, such as drugs, to sweat remain not fully elucidated. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Comprehensive screening of VH (covering a large range of compounds) and comparison to other traditional matrices (e.g. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Both issues areovercome when sampling oral fluid. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200306000-00004, Joya X, Marchei E, Salat-Batlle J, Garca-Algar O, Calvaresi V, Pacifici R, Pichini S (2016) Fetal exposure to ethanol: relationship between ethyl glucuronide in maternal hair during pregnancy and ethyl glucuronide in neonatal meconium. When the scalp hair is not sufficient or absent to perform an analysis, the hair can be collected from other anatomical regions, such as the pubis, arms, armpits or face (beard) [3]. Ther Drug Monit 31:511519. His portion of the discussion focused on oral fluid extraction for drugs of abuse testing. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bky002(open access article), McLaughlin P, Maskell PD, Pounder D, Osselton D (2019) Use of the randox evidence investigator immunoassay system for near-body drug screening during post-mortem examination in 261 forensic cases. J Anal Toxicol 45:6975. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1561, National Library of Medicine (USA) (2006) Drugs and lactation database (LactMed) [Internet]. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 29:566572. On the other hand, meconium testing has some limitations. Puparial Cases as Toxicological Indicators: Bioaccumulation of Cadmium and Thallium in the Forensically Important Blowfly. On the other hand, if a drug is likely to bind to proteins, it should not be expected in VH [154]. Several classic drugs of abuse have been detected in authentic VH specimens such as the following examples: ethanol [159, 181, 190], cocaine and its metabolites [155, 164, 166, 172, 176, 181, 190,191,192], opioids and/or theirmetabolites [155, 167, 168, 173, 176, 177, 182, 185, 190], amphetamine and/or methamphetamine [164, 173, 190], MDA derivatives [169], ketamine [172], phencyclidine [154, 170], LSD and its metabolites [175], -hydroxybutyric acid [193], benzodiazepines [171, 173, 184, 190], antidepressants [173, 180, 194, 195] and barbiturates [196]. https://doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(90)90129-Z, Chasnoff IJ, Lewis DE, Squires L (1987) Cocaine intoxication in a breast-fed infant. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-951-6_10, Kang J-S, Lee M-H (2009) Overview of therapeutic drug monitoring. Chem Res Toxicol 32:23672381. Basically, these devices consist of an absorbent cellulose patch (where the substances are deposited), which is adhered to the skin by an adjacent adhesive. The selection of specimens in toxicological analyses is a critical step. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.46.4.292(open access article), Fernndez P, Rodrguez P, Bermejo AM, Lpez-Rivadulla M, Cruz A (1994) Simultaneous determination of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in vitreous humor by HPLC. Although the use of VH has several analytical benefits, drug testing in VH has a few limitations. The mismatches may be explained by differences in fetal metabolism and placental differences [109, 110]. Pediatrics 60:457459 (PMID: 905009), Metaj M, Laroia N, Lawrence RA, Ryan RM (2003) Comparison of breast- and formula-fed normal newborns in time to first stool and urine. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00015.2007(open access article), Luque de Castro MD (2016) Sweat as a clinical sample: what is done and what should be done. Forensic Sci Int 151:139149. https://doi.org/10.4322/sc.2015.022(in Portuguese) (open access article), da Costa BRB, De Martinis BS (2020) Analysis of urinary VOCs using mass spectrometric methods to diagnose cancer: a review. The choice of specimen for MS analysis includes blood, tissue, urine, saliva, hair and vitreous humor. https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.01144, Shah I, Al-Dabbagh B, Salem AE, Hamid SAA, Muhammad N, Naughton DP (2019) A review of bioanalytical techniques for evaluation of cannabis (Marijuana, weed, Hashish) in human hair. The oral fluid is considered a direct filtering of blood because the salivary glands are highly perfused with blood [10]. Careers. Among drug users, heroin and 6-MAM were found in concentrations up to 400 and 441.1ng/patch, respectively [96]. Biol Pharm Bull 35:14011408. volume40,pages 118 (2022)Cite this article. 2021 Feb;28(2):1267-1271. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.022. This technique is a major advance in forensics; previously, such determinations were impossible in the case of severely . Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. MeSH Forensic Sci Int 317:110547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110547, iestad ML, Karinen R, Rogde S, Nilsen S, Eldor K-BB, Brochmann G-W, Arnestad M, iestad EL, Peres MD, Kristoffersen L, Vindenes V (2018) Comparative study of postmortem concentrations of antidepressants in several different matrices. Alternative matrices in forensic toxicology: a critical review. Keywords: Int J Legal Med. J Forensic Leg Med 36:126135. Forensic Entomotoxicology examines the assessment of insects as toxicological samples since they are being used for e matrix for drug identification is well-reported and suggested without conventional matrices for example urine, blood, or internal organs. Parent drugswhich can more easily cross physiological barriersare expected to be detected in the sweat at greater concentrations than their corresponding hydrophilic metabolites. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Forensic Sci Int 150:119131. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/25.7.621(open access article), Chronister CW, Gund AL, Goldberger BA (2008) Rapid detection of opioids in vitreous humor by enzyme immunoassay. Limitations hindering the growth of this field and the way forward for future studies have been highlighted. Now, a branch called entomotoxicology is helping those who work in forensic science find new answers to the questions that have remained in certain cases. Drug Metab Rev 51:524532. Therefore, hair is an alternative biological sample of large importance in forensic toxicology that allows an evaluation of historic drug use/exposure, depending on the hair length. Unlike EtG, FAEEs from mother do not across the placenta and thus FAEEs in meconium are produced by the fetus from ethanol that crossed the placenta, reflecting the true fetal alcohol exposure [117]. Epub 2017 Jul 9. J Liq Chromatogr 17:883890. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the VH is a gelatinous liquid filling the eyeball, between the crystalline lens and the retina [2, 149][143]. This can be rationalized due to strong affinity for plasma proteins and lipophilicity exhibited by THC, which reduces the incorporation of THC into aqueous specimens, such as VH [164, 199]. Forensic entomotoxicology of insects as unconventional toxicological samples. In addition, Lin and Lin [198] observed low vitreous concentrations of THC-COOH, a hydrophobic character compound. 2020, Academic Journal of Forensic Sciences. Academic Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2020. The adhesive polyurethane layer protects the patch from external contaminations, while allows gas exchanges (CO2, O2, water vapor) with the environment to occur, preventing the skin from being harmed. Int J Legal Med 121:259265. Anal Bioanal Chem. https://t.co/G4uocG4ezk#pipettelife #clinicaltesting #chromatography pic.twitter.com/Xx92GDM5yk, US Headquarters: 19 Technology Circle Columbia, SC 29203, West Coast: 9800 Campus Point Drive Suite 20 San Diego, CA 92121, 2019 DPX Technologies | All Rights Reserved |, Retrospective Analysis of Selected Opioids in Hair of Workplace Drug Testing Subjects, A Rapid Assay for Simultaneous Determination of Nicotine, Cocaine and Metabolites in Meconium. Clin Chem Lab Med 54:427435. In general, several extraction techniques have been explored for VH samples preparation. [164], THC and THC-COOH were detected in three cases in whole blood specimens but not in VH. Epub 2017 May 31. (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) REARED ON RABBIT CARRIONS, The forensic entomologist in the context of the forensic pathologists role, Cuticular hydrocarbons as a tool for the identification of insect species: Puparial cases from Sarcophagidae, Codeine accumulation and elimination in larvae, pupae, and imago of the blowfly Lucilia sericata and effects on its development, Influence of rain and malathion on the oviposition and development of blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) infesting rabbit carcasses in Kelantan, Malaysia, Drug Analysis in Necrophagous Flies and Human Tissues, Insects found on a human cadaver in central Italy including the blowfly Calliphora loewi (Diptera, Calliphoridae), a new species of forensic interest, LILLE EAFE 2014 Annual meeting - Abstract book, EFFECTS OF VARYING VOLUME OF CYPERMETHRIN PESTICIDE ON Chrysomya albiceps (FABR.) Use of insects as alternative matrix for drug detection is well documented and recommended when conventional matrices such as blood, urine or internal organs are no longer available. 2019 Oct;67:28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.07.010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.12.023, Chronister CW, Walrath JC, Goldberger BA (2001) Rapid detection of benzoylecgonine in vitreous humor by enzyme immunoassay. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2012.06.009, Article Forensic Sci Int. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.01.003, Mazarr-Proo S, Kerrigan S (2005) Distribution of GHB in tissues and fluids following a fatal overdose. Hence, drugs . Entomotoxicology also investigates the effects caused by such substances on arthropod development in order to assist the forensic PMI estimates [1]. Paired analysis of cannabinoids was performed on hair, urine and sweat [94]. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkt053(open access article), Andreasen MF, Telving R, Rosendal I, Eg MB, Hasselstrm JB, Andersen LV (2015) A fatal poisoning involving 25C-NBOMe. Revisiting the concept of entomotoxicology. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/24.7.509(open access article), Clark DA (1977) Times of first void and first stool in 500 newborns. Environ Int 35:438449. Use of insects as alternative matrix for drug detection is well documented and recommended when conventional matrices such as blood, urine or internal organs are no longer available. Forensic Sci Int 245:e33e35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.024, Franz T, Scheufler F, Stein K, Uhl M, Dame T, Schwarz G, Sachs H, Skopp G, Musshoff F (2018) Determination of hydroxy metabolites of cocaine from hair samples and comparison with street cocaine samples. how the crime was committed. J Anal Toxicol 32:601604. Forensic Sci Int 256:4245. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170929155628, Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Okada Y, Iwata YT (2021) Development of the selective concentration analytical method for drug-containing hair regions based on micro-segmental analysis to identify a trace amount of drug in hair: hair analysis following single-dose ingestion of midazolam. Forensic Sci Int 265:166171. 2017; SE(1): Se1-Se4. J Appl Toxicol 33:740745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2008.01.002, Bazmi E, Behnoush B, Akhgari M, Bahmanabadi L (2016) Quantitative analysis of benzodiazepines in vitreous humor by high-performance liquid chromatography. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.50865(open access article), Article Forensic Sci Med Pathol 14:349357. J Anal Toxicol 29:5861. Federal Grant Funds Unique Forensic Accounting Education Partnership. For many years, forensic science have known that insects and their larvae hold answers to deaths that are not quite clear in terms of their actual timeframe or situations surrounding them. An altered stage in development can often indicate toxins in the carrion on which the insects are feeding. The funding will allow the university to expand its Fraud and Forensic Accounting Certificate Program with an eye toward providing new opportunities for students to assist Worcester County law enforcement officials in the fight against elder financial and high-tech fraud. Others advantages of meconium include: noninvasive and easy sampling (meconium is collected from the diapers); a large amount of sample is available for collection (total amount range 2060g), and a small amount of sample isrequired for analysis (less than 1g) [102, 111]. Forensic Toxicol 40, 118 (2022). J Chil Chem Soc 65:47224725. 2001 Aug 15;120(1-2):42-7. doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00418-2. Drug Test Anal 9:898904. Gosselin M, Wille SM, Fernandez Mdel M, Di Fazio V, Samyn N, De Boeck G, Bourel B. Forensic Sci Int. 2020 Nov 17;8:586067. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.586067.
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