Age, sex and mental state are factors of importance. When one culture sees a tradition practiced by another as immoral, however, it becomes difficult for both cultures to maintain a dialogue. The relationship of some dietary factors to dental health is shown in Figure 2.3. It is important to seek more information by asking your consumer questions about his/her culture and what kinds of foods he/she may prefer to eat and at what time of the day he/she prefers to eat a large meal. It is essential to have knowledge of the culture, nutrition and its effect on oral disease. Imagine a culture which deems murder to be an ethical action. They found that incidence of dental caries was higher in female. Substantial changes in health care providers attitudes and practices and in the funding and financing of health care will be needed if nutrition education is to be delivered in the context of routine health care. hbbd``b` $[A2`q 2X"@S:e $1012 Y Social Customs and Habits and Their Effect on Oral Disease. This is an example of ethnocentrism! In international relations, cultural relativists . For example, the attitude toward corn among Mexican Indians is religious. As I discussed in my previous post on healthy weight, obesity is not a fail proof measurement, but it is a predictor of other things like heart disease and diabetes, and diabetes may be the bigger cause for concern. How does one help a community without being paternalistic or judgmental? Storage and distribution of food.-In the Middle East and Far East, where the facilities for refrigeration, preservation, or storage are non-existent, and any animal slaughtered must be consumed immediately, so that the supply of first-class protein is irregular8. Roth H.(1957) cited in N. Davies. Bull. Familial and cultural perceptions and beliefs of oral hygiene and dietary practices among ethnically and socio-economically diverse groups. Food acceptance is a complex reaction influenced by biochemical, physiological, psychological, social and educational factors. Social Customs and Habits and Their Effect on Oral Disease. %%EOF Cultural relativism is appropriate for certain human rights; for instance, language, food. In some parts of the world, nudity is considered an inherently sexual thing with people interpreting it as a sexual indicator. Proponents of cultural relativism also tend to argue that the norms and values of one culture should not be evaluated using the norms and values of another. They have high incidence of lactose intolerance; low consumption of dairy products. No consumption of animals slaughtered without pronouncing the name of Allah or killed in manner that prohibits the complete draining of blood from their bodies. According to Balendra.W(1949)13, a low intake of vitamin A increases the predisposition of betel-nut chewers to oral carcinoma. Relativism, including cultural relativism, is considered to be self-contradictory and impossible, as it seems to reject the idea of a universal right and wrong. High incidence of lactose intolerance; traditional alternative sources of calcium include tofu, soy milk, small bones in fish and poultry. Cultural relativism is a vital tool in anthropology. The challenge to health care provider is to be culturally adaptable, to display cross-cultural communication skills, to remain aware of nonverbal cues that are culturally motives, and to move toward a trusting interpersonal relationship as quickly as possible. 31% of Russians consume vodka on a regular basis and it was not until 2011 that beer was even classified as alcoholic and not a food item. In other regions, such as the Arctic and parts of Africa, meat is preserved by drying. Recommendations provided on this blog are not substitutions for medical care. Sometimes traditional methods of preservation have been lost as a result of outside contact. In parts of Africa, poor storage methods have resulted in the development of toxic elements in rice. 2, Inuit (Yupik) Family. Statements and opinions expressed on the HealthyHeels blog are strictly those of the authors and not of the University of North Carolina. Between-meal food consumption is neither so frequent nor as ritualized as in many European countries. However, they have also stated: These findings do not prove that total nutrition and periodontal disease are unrelated; before any progress can be made towards answering this question, thorough dietary and nutritional surveys are needed, both in groups with a low prevalence of periodontal disease and in groups with a very high prevalence.. It is the idea that the system of moral and ethics, which varies from one culture to another, are all equal, and that no system ranks above the other. Two widely recommended strategies for incorporating nutrition education directed toward children and youth into health promotion and disease prevention efforts are school-based nutrition education and the integration of nutritional care into health care. 1. Examples of dietary preferences according to some cultural and religious beliefs. The nutritive elements in the soil and the fertility of the soil depend not only on its geologic structure but also on the manner in which the soil is conserved and cultivated. That means you use your own culture as the center and evaluate other cultures based on it. Much of it is marinated, chopped or ground, and often mixed with vegetables and cereals. Instead of cultures bending to the worldview of a majority, cultural relativism encourages individualization. Further studies are required, however, to determine whether or not the incidence of caries can be reduced by altering the physical character of the food in people who frequently consume sticky, refined sugar preparations. The public health area that most interests me is nutrition policy. This is one of the most fundamental concepts in sociology, as it recognizes and affirms the connections between the greater social structure and trends and the everyday lives of individual people. Cultural relativism is a term that can be interpreted in different ways. I see food as one of the major causes of poor health and the key to eliminating health disparities; but this is where I am stuck. Truths and wrongs cannot be generated by one specific group of people, but originate from something more universal and fundamental. Cultural relativism definition. In many cultures food has a social or ceremonial role. The idea of Cultural Relativism, as stated above, is appealing and a good scapegoat for the idea of what is moral. Please seek professional guidance for your specific health care needs. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. It is the idea that the system of moral and ethics, which varies from one culture to another, are all equal, and that no system ranks above the other. The concept of cultural relativism covers a wide area of human interactions, beliefs, values, and practices. Food habits are among the oldest and most deeply entrenched aspects of many cultures and cannot, therefore, be easily changed, or if forcibly changed, can produce a series of unexpected and unwelcome reactions. If these people are advised to breast-feed a child only at scheduled times or if they are advised that it is harmful to eat between meals, the public health worker makes the responsible for finding some other acceptable method by which the mother can give reassurance to a child who is punished or upset for some other reason. Reconciling the inherent unhealthy nature of New Orleans food with the growing health problems caused by unhealthy diets is only one example of the conundrum of cultural relativism. An appreciation of the impact of cultural and ethnic diversity is important in understanding how parental attitudes to oral health vary. A third principle that should be emphasized was unfortunately not well illustrated in the example but is of fundamental importance. Take for example, the common practice of same-sex friends in India walking in public while holding hands. It develops new ideas. Cultural relativism is a position that has a few important principles we should discuss. 1Sreedhar Reddy,MDS, Dept Of Public Health Dentistry, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Melakottaiyur Post, Chennai 600127 In this case, being nude is not considered a sexual suggestion but an appropriate bodily state. The studies which provide the evidence for this are of the following types: (1) Population studies: These have shown that the prevalence of caries is highest in countries with the highest and most frequent consumption of refined sugar and flour. Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultural views are equally valid. The manner in which nutritional factors may affect dental health is shown in Figure2.3. Occlusal surfaces are worn down below the maximum circumference of the teeth, and the proximal enamel breaks away, creating a space into which food becomes impacted. Is it our job to go into Russia and tell them that consuming alcohol at lunch business meetings, and drinking heavily every day of the week is wrong? I guess what I am asking is, as promoters of health, are the only parts of culture that we find to be satisfactory, the parts that Western Experts think are okay? For most people food is cultural, not nutritional. It can be easily manipulated. This is what makes us stronger as a people, not trying to determine which group is right and which is wrong all the time. Primary grain used is corn; wild rice is also popularly consumed. In many underdeveloped countries the traditional horticultural and agricultural practices are primitive, but they do maintain the fertility of the soil. Cultural relativism gets people to admit that though their moral principles and values may seem evidently true and may form the basis for passing judgment on other people, the evidence of these moral principles is just illusions. People can learn much from one another. As such, it does not claim to define right or wrong behavior. This study supports the hypothesis that parental attitudes significantly has an impact on the establishment of habits favorable to oral health. World Health Organization (1961) cited in N. Davies. Morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits. I recently went to a conference where one of the main themes was learning to empower communities, so that the impetus for change comes from the inside out rather than the other way around. The critical function of cultural relativism is to admit that the ground for judgment on other cultures comes from a kind of illusion. Where nutrition education has proved disappointing in the past, could it be that retention of customs has been as turbulent a thing as that of the villagers. endstream endobj 398 0 obj <>/Metadata 23 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 395 0 R/StructTreeRoot 36 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 399 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 400 0 obj <>stream The concept of cultural relativism as it is known and used today was developed as an analytic tool by Franz Boas, a German-American anthropologist, in the early years of the 20th century. However, neither Boas nor the 21st-century relativist, James Wray-Miller coined the term cultural relativism. The term was first recorded by Alain Locke in 1924, who used the term to describe Robert Lowies cultural relativism. Instead of outright and immediate condemnation for perceived gaps in morality, there is an opportunity to look at the world through the eyes of another. Cultural relativism is a process which encourages the individual to define the rightness or wrongness of their ethics and morality on their own circumstances. For example, it explains why what constitutes breakfast vary from place to place. Here are some of the pros and cons of cultural relativism to consider. Community dental health 2004, 21(supplement); 102-111. Cultural relativism is defined as "the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture".What this means is that all of the morals of a society are relative to that culture, and thus should not be judged. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Adapted from The Elements of Moral Philosophy by James Rachels, Chapter 2, pp. No consumption of carnivorous animals with fangs, birds of petty, and land animals without ears (. Or imagine a culture which says it is morally correct to hurt children. Cultural relativists uphold that cultures differ fundamentally from one another, and so do the moral frameworks that structure relations within different societies. It encourages cultural development. . Cultural relativism is a good idea in concept. 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