[12] In some famous instances, presidents have found the independent agencies more loyal and in lockstep with the president's wishes and policy objectives than some dissenters among the executive agency political appointments.[13]. From reading the scientific literature and interviewing scientists, Carson found two scientific camps: those who dismissed the possible danger of pesticide spraying barring conclusive proof, and those who were open to the possibility of harm and willing to consider alternative methods, such as biological pest control. Chemical industry representatives and lobbyists lodged a range of non-specific complaints, some anonymously. Formal theory. By August 1961, Carson agreed to the suggestion of her literary agent Marie Rodell: Silent Spring would be a metaphorical title for the entire booksuggesting a bleak future for the whole natural worldrather than a literal chapter title about the absence of birdsong. Host Selling After the applicant (now considered a permittee) builds the station, it must file a license application in which it certifies that it has constructed the station consistent with the technical and other terms specified in its construction permit. In exchange for these rights, labels usually give higher advance payments to artists, have more patience with artist development, and pay higher percentages of CD sales. Please note that a complaint submitted through the File a Consumer Complaint link on the FCCs website will NOT be treated as a petition to deny or informal objection against a stations license renewal application. For additional information about the sponsorship identification and payola rules, see https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/fccs-payola-rules. In addition, effective technical assistance also includes recommending replacement equipment that would work better in high radio frequency fields. The records can be viewed in each stations online public inspection file on the Commissions website at https://publicfiles.fcc.gov. Closed captioning is a technology designed to provide access to television programming by persons with hearing disabilities by displaying, in text form, the audio portion of a broadcast, as well as descriptions of background noise and sound effects. Commercial stations usually support themselves through the sale of advertising. Political Broadcasting: Candidates for Public Office. Due to advancing technology such as the Internet, the role of labels is rapidly changing, as artists are able to freely distribute their own material through online radio, peer-to-peer file sharing such as BitTorrent, and other services, at little to no cost, but with correspondingly low financial returns. This Manual is published by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the federal agency directed by Congress to regulate broadcasting. As more people learned how easy it was to produce podcasts, a community of pioneer podcasters quickly appeared. His supposed conclusion: Carson was "probably a Communist". Subliminal programming is designed to be perceived on a subconscious level only. [42], Monsanto published 5,000 copies of a parody called "The Desolate Year" (1962) which projected a world of famine and disease caused by banning pesticides. The public file is an excellent resource to gauge a stations performance of its obligations as a Commission licensee. The Media Bureaus database will also indicate the date the application appeared on Public Notice. [74] Because of insects' very short breeding cycle and large number of offspring, the most resistant insects survive and pass on their genetic traits to their offspring, which replace the pesticide-slain insects relatively rapidly. . She had investigated hundreds of individual incidents of pesticide exposure and the resulting human sickness and ecological damage. An example of such a label is the Neutron label owned by ABC while at Phonogram Inc. in the UK. Artists such as Dolly Parton, Aimee Mann, Prince, Public Enemy, among others, have done this. [9] The president can normally designate which commissioner will serve as the chairperson. [3][8][9], The impetus for Silent Spring was a letter written in January 1958 by Carson's friend, Olga Owens Huckins, to The Boston Herald, describing the death of birds around her property in Duxbury, Massachusetts, resulting from the aerial spraying of DDT to kill mosquitoes, a copy of which Huckins sent to Carson. Children's Television Programming Reports [19], By 1960, Carson had sufficient research material and the writing was progressing rapidly. The president appoints the commissioners or board members, subject to Senate confirmation, but they often serve terms that are staggered and longer than a four-year presidential term,[9] meaning that most presidents will not have the opportunity to appoint all the commissioners of a given independent agency. Most podcast players or applications allow listeners to skip around the podcast and to control the playback speed. For additional information about the rule concerning lotteries, see https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/broadcasting-contests-lotteries-and-solicitation-funds. That spring, Carson wrote a letter, published in The Washington Post, that attributed the recent decline in bird populationsin her words, the "silencing of birds"to pesticide overuse. Cable Television - Where to File Complaints Regarding Cable Service, Online Public Inspection File Access and Information, Public, Educational, and Governmental Access Channels ("PEG Channels"), Television Broadcast Stations on Satellite, Video Competition and Price Survey Reports. Pierce, Richard; Shapiro, Sidney A.; Verkuil, Paul (5th ed. Licensees are responsible for selecting their entertainment programming, as well as programs concerning local issues, news, public affairs, religion, sports events, and other subjects. As with DTV, digital radio substantially improves the quality of the radio signal and allows a station to offer multicasting over several programming streams, as well as certain enhanced services. Except for the requirements concerning political advertisements, the limits on the number of commercials that can be aired during childrens programming and the prohibition of advertisements over noncommercial educational stations, the Commission does not regulate a licensees business practices, such as its advertising rates or its profits. These requirements also apply to video clips that a video programming provider or distributor posts on its website or application, if the provider or distributor showed the video clip on television with captions. 1965: Bchergilde Gutenberg. Carson attended the ensuing FDA hearings on revising pesticide regulations; she was discouraged by the aggressive tactics of the chemical industry representatives, which included expert testimony that was firmly contradicted by the bulk of the scientific literature she had been studying. The FCC has five Commissioners, each of whom is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. We release a document called a Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) in which we explain the new rules or rule changes being proposed and establish a filing deadline for the public to comment. The purpose of this Manual is to provide you with the basic tools necessary to ensure that the stations that are licensed to serve you meet their obligations and provide high quality broadcast service. Streaming applications and podcasting services provide a convenient and integrated way to manage a personal consumption queue across For additional information concerning this requirement, see https://www.fcc.gov/television-and-set-top-box-controls-menus-program-guides. For similar complaints received after the first year of operation, although the station is not financially responsible for resolving the complaint, it must provide effective technical assistance to the complaining party. Independent labels are often considered more artist-friendly. This procedure is discussed earlier in this Manual. With respect to the display of Internet website addresses during childrens programming, the Commission permits them to be displayed during program material (in a crawl or scroll at the bottom of the screen, for example) only if the website: 1) offers a substantial amount of bona fide program-related or other noncommercial content; 2) is not primarily intended for commercial purposes, including either e-commerce or advertising; 3) the websites home page and other menu pages are clearly labeled to distinguish the noncommercial from the commercial sections; and 4) the page of the website to which viewers are directed by the website address is not used for e-commerce, advertising, or other commercial purposes (e.g., contains no links labeled store and no links to another page with commercial material). Reasonable Access Agricultural spraying of pesticides produces pesticide resistance in seven to ten years. Depending on the ideals of the net label, music files from the artists may be downloaded free of charge or for a fee that is paid via PayPal or other online payment system. ", "Virgin/EMI Sue 30 Seconds to Mars for $30 Million, Leto Fights Back", "The Clipse ends tumultuous tenure at Jive", "Ciara: 'I pray my label will release me', "After Years of Record-Label Limbo, Michelle Branch Can Tell You That She's Happy Now", "The Complete History of Kesha's Fight Against Dr. Luke", "Kanye West Says Universal Music Group Refuses To Tell Him Cost of Masters", "Lupe Fiasco Blasts Atlantic and Lyor Cohen, Calls Music Biz 'Damn Near a Mob Cartel', "Musicians v. record labels: 14 famous feuds", "Trent Reznor on Nine Inch Nails' Columbia Signing: 'I'm Not a Major Label Apologist', "Radiohead sign 'conventional' record deal", "iTunes: Breaking Barriers and Building Walls", "A decade of iTunes singles killed the music industry", "You Ask, We Answer: What Exactly Is A 360 Deal? The piece was given its world premiere in Pittsburgh on February 17, 2012, with the conductor Manfred Honeck leading the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. Around that time, Carson learned that Silent Spring had been selected as the Book of the Month for October; she said this would "carry it to farms and hamlets all over that country that don't know what a bookstore looks likemuch less The New Yorker". Additionally, certain navigation devices must make on-screen text menus and guides used for the display or selection of video programming audibly accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. Comments to Station or Networks Historically, companies started in this manner have been re-absorbed into the major labels (two examples are American singer Frank Sinatra's Reprise Records, which has been owned by Warner Music Group for some time now, and musician Herb Alpert's A&M Records, now owned by Universal Music Group). New types of deal are being made with artists called "multiple rights" or "360" deals with artists. ; Alternatively, type in a business category, such as auto repair or general contractors. Some independent labels become successful enough that major record companies negotiate contracts to either distribute music for the label or in some cases, purchase the label completely, to the point where it functions as an imprint or sublabel. However, that notification is not necessary when the other party knows that the conversation will be broadcast or this knowledge can be reasonably presumed, such as when the party is associated with the station (for example, as an employee or part-time reporter) or originates the call during a program during which the station customarily broadcasts the calls. Island remained registered as corporations in both the United States and UK, but control of its brands changed hands multiple times as new companies were formed, diminishing the corporation's distinction as the "parent" of any sublabels. White and a number of journalists and scientists to her cause. Presidential attempts to remove independent agency officials have generated most of the important Supreme Court legal opinions in this area. Commercial and Noncommercial Educational Stations Part 2: Response to Silent Spring", "2003 National Women's History Month Honorees: Rachel Carson", "The Writing of "Silent Spring": Rachel Carson and the Culture-Shifting Courage to Speak Inconvenient Truth to Power", : (): 1964, "Rachel Carson Didn't Kill Millions of Africans", "Bate and Switch: How a free-market magician manipulated two decades of environmental science", "Anatomy of a Washington dinner: Who funds the Competitive Enterprise Institute? All television sets with screens 13 inches or larger manufactured since mid-1993, including digital sets, have built-in decoder circuitry. In the case of an application for renewal of a television license, the station has complied with the limitations on commercial matter aired during childrens programming and filed the necessary Childrens Television Programming Reports (FCC Form 2100, Schedule H). [6][7] Landowners in Long Island filed a suit to have the spraying stopped, and many in affected regions followed the case closely. A viewer wanting to see the captions must use a set-top decoder or a television with built-in decoder circuitry. [11] In reality, the high turnover rate among these commissioners or board members means that most presidents have the opportunity to fill enough vacancies to constitute a voting majority on each independent agency commission within the first two years of the first term as president. "[65], In a 2013 interview, Ruckelshaus briefly recounted his decision to ban DDT except for emergency uses, noting that Carson's book featured DDT and for that reason the issue drew considerable public attention. Viewing the Public Inspection File However, as public trustees, broadcast licensees may not intentionally distort the news. Donor Lists for Non-Commercial Educational Channels ("NCEs") Low power television and television translator stations were required to complete their transition to digital by July 31, 2021. As she was nearing full recovery in March, she discovered cysts in her left breast, requiring a mastectomy. Comments/Complaints to the FCC. [86], In 1996, a follow-up book, Beyond Silent Spring, co-written by H.F. van Emden and David Peakall, was published. . (In this context, the word "radio" covers both broadcast radio and television.) The Food and Drug Administration has primary responsibility for the safety of food and drug products. LPTV and LPFM stations do not have a public inspection file but are required to maintain a political file. Many artists, early in their careers, create their own labels which are later bought out by a bigger company. The material, taken as a whole, must lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. In this regard, the Commission has observed that the public interest is best served by permitting free expression of views. However, the right to broadcast material is not absolute. "[23] "Silent Spring" was initially suggested as a title for the chapter on birds. Apparatus Requirements for Emergency Information and Video Description. Independent agencies exist outside the federal executive departments (those headed by a Cabinet secretary) and the Executive Office of the President. We are moving in a new direction, focusing our efforts more fully on making transformational change within organizations to create equity and inclusion in the workplace for all. Atlantic would also have the right to approve the act's tour schedule, and the salaries of certain tour and merchandise sales employees hired by the artist. There are several different mobile applications that allow people to follow and listen to podcasts. Can Anyone Make Them Profitable? Closed captioning is also required for video programming delivered via Internet Protocol (IP) that is published or exhibited on television with captions. [62], The creation of the Environmental Protection Agency by the Nixon Administration in 1970 addressed another concern that Carson had written about. Before its expiration, each station licensee must broadcast a series of announcements stating when its license expires, the filing date for the renewal application, the date by which formal petitions against the renewal must be filed, and how to obtain a copy of the application. Public Participation in the Licensing Process Dead End Days, a serialized dark comedy about zombies released from October 31, 2003, through 2004, is commonly believed to be the first video podcast.[76]. The term "podcast" predates Apple's addition of podcasting features to the iPod and the iTunes software. Before broadcasting a telephone conversation live or recording a telephone conversation for later broadcast, a station must inform any party to the call of its intention to broadcast the conversation. As noted above, in light of the fundamental importance of the free flow of information to our democracy, the First Amendment and the Communications Act bar the FCC from telling station licensees how to select material for news programs or prohibiting the broadcast of an opinion on any subject. In 2004, Sony and BMG agreed to a joint venture and merged their recorded music division to create the Sony BMG label (which would be renamed Sony Music Entertainment after a 2008 merger); BMG kept its music publishing division separate from Sony BMG and later sold BMG Music Publishing to UMG. As stated above, we encourage you to first contact the station or network directly about programming and operating issues. Podcasts are similar to radio programs in form, but they exist as audio files that can be played at a listener's convenience, anytime and anywhere. Examples of fiction podcasts include The Bright Sessions, The Magnus Archives, Homecoming, Wooden Overcoats , We're Alive and Wolverine: The Long Night. Renewal Applications. Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. At the close of this period, the licensee must renew its stations license. This triggered a point-by-point rebuttal by biographer William Souder, who reviewed the distortions used by campaigners against Silent Spring. The Communications Act They require all stations that employ five or more full-time employees (defined as those regularly working 30 hours a week or more) to: Each licensee with five or more full-time employees must maintain records of its recruitment efforts and create and place in its public file (https://publicfiles.fcc.gov) an annual public file report listing specified information about its recruitment efforts. All the major broadcast networks and most of the major cable networks encode their programming with this ratings information to work with the V-Chip. Licensee Discretion In addition, major local radio stations like WNYC in New York City, WHYY-FM radio in Philadelphia, and KCRW in Los Angeles placed their programs on their websites and later on the iTunes platform. Under Category A of the processing guidelines, television licensees are eligible for routine staff-level approval of the children's television programming portion of their renewal applications if they air either (i) three hours per week (as averaged over a six month period) of Core Programming or (ii) 156 hours of Core Programming annually, including at least 26 hours per quarter of regularly scheduled weekly programming of at least 30 minutes in length and up to 52 hours annually of Core Programs of at least 30 minutes in length that are not aired on a regularly scheduled weekly basis, such as educational specials and regularly scheduled non-weekly programming. Each commercial full power and Class A station must keep a copy of its decision in the public file for the three-year period to which it pertains. Every three years, commercial TV stations must decide whether their relationship with each local cable system and satellite carrier that offers local service will be governed by must-carry or by retransmission consent agreements. [35] Lawyers for Apple contended that the term "pod" has been used by the public to refer to Apple's music player so extensively that it falls under Apple's trademark cover. Podcast creators tend to have a good listener base because of their relationships with the listeners. The magazine and book publications proceeded as planned, as did the large Book-of-the-Month printing, which included a pamphlet by William O. Douglas endorsing the book. [3] She took advantage of her personal connections with many government scientists, who supplied her with confidential information on the subject. The episodes may be delivered automatically via RSS or through a website, blog, or other syndication method. Carson was undergoing radiation therapy for her cancer and expected to have little energy to defend her work and respond to critics. To be obscene, the material must have all of the following three characteristics: Indecent Material. The Constitutions protection of free speech includes programming that may be objectionable to many viewers or listeners. Requirement to Maintain a Public Inspection File. Curry published it in an attempt to gain traction in the development of what would come to be known as podcasting and as a means of testing the software outside of a lab setting. We recommend that you contact the equipment manufacturer or the store where you purchased the equipment to attempt to resolve the interference problem. Offensive Advertising Web television series are often distributed as video podcasts. Nineteen Eighty-Four (also stylised as 1984) is a dystopian social science fiction novel and cautionary tale written by the English writer George Orwell.It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. Criticism, Ridicule, and Humor Concerning Individuals, Groups, and Institutions. https://www.fcc.gov/proceedings-actions/daily-digest. The FCC was created by Congress in the Communications Act for the purpose of regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communications service . However, religious stations are permitted to require that some or all of their employees meet a religious qualification. Because you watch and listen to the stations that we license, you can be a valuable and effective advocate. [9][10][11] The earliest use of "podcasting" was traced to The Guardian columnist and BBC journalist Ben Hammersley,[12] who coined it in early February 2004 while writing an article for The Guardian newspaper. [81][82] The international treaty that banned most uses of DDT and other organochlorine pesticidesthe 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (which became effective in 2004)included an exemption for the use of DDT for malaria control until affordable substitutes could be found. As directed by Congress in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the FCC has adopted rules requiring closed captioning of most, but not all, television programming. [5] Executive Order 12866 has been a particular matter of controversy; it requires cost-benefit analysis for certain regulatory actions.[3][6][7]. [72], Some podcast novelists give away a free podcast version of their book as a form of promotion. The term "record label", derives from the circular label in the center of a vinyl record which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information. [13] The term was first used in the audioblogging community in September 2004, when Danny Gregoire introduced it in a message to the iPodder-dev mailing list,[14][15] from where it was adopted by podcaster Adam Curry. Applications to Build New Stations; Length of License Period In April 2007, the Commission delivered a Report to Congress recommending that the industry voluntarily commit to reducing the amount of this programming viewed by children. in 1964: Biederstein Verlag; 3rd ed. [57], The book's Italian title is Primavera silenziosa. As discussed further in this Manual, broadcast licensees must periodically make available detailed information about the programming they air to meet the needs and problems of their communities, which can be found in each stations public file. Records Concerning Children's Programming Commercial Limits False or Misleading Advertising. Entities that distribute television programs directly to home viewers, including broadcast stations, must comply with these rules. The First Amendment, as well as Section 326 of the Communications Act, prohibits the Commission from censoring broadcast material and from interfering with freedom of expression in broadcasting. Broadcasters and pay TV providers that demonstrate a pattern or trend of failing to comply can be subject to Commission enforcement action. In 2014, AIM estimated that the majors had a collective global market share of some 6570%.[2]. We also prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. Educational and Informational Programming Digital Labels are the latest version of a 'net' label. The goal of this policy is to help children distinguish between commercials and program content. Chemical companies and associated organizations produced brochures and articles promoting and defending pesticide use. Sponsorship Identification Hoaxes. Members of Congress cannot serve as commissioners on independent agencies that have executive powers,[16] nor can Congress itself appoint the commissioners the Appointments Clause of the Constitution vests that power in the president. [28], In June 2005, Apple released iTunes 4.9, which added formal support for podcasts, thus negating the need to use a separate program in order to download and transfer them to a mobile device.
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