The strongly nationalistic PM of France during WWI, who helped negotiate the Treaty of Versailles. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. It was a breeding ground for mass atrocities. Despite the division, the government managed to engage the greatest war effort since the First World War. Continue to start your free trial. SparkNotes PLUS One of the most famous 20th-century artists, he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works. Economists consider him one of the main founders of modern theoretical macroeconomics. Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. organization founded after World War II to promote international peace and cooperation. On March 5 the Republican government flew to exile in France. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypt during the North African Campaign of World War II; the term is commonly used to refer to the headquarters plus its attached combat units. War almost entirely in France. Picasso uses jagged, fragmented forms and distorted faces to great effect, creating an atmosphere of panic and terror. 100 Years' War Four causes are a dynastic dispute, Duchy of Aquitaine (England claim as ancient inheritance, Edward III claim Aquitaine and FR throne as edest heir of Philip the Frair), civil war in FR made war longer, economic factors (Flanders wool important to ENG). . emperor of Japan during WWII. His term of endearment for JEws. Nationally, representatives supposedly devised the country's plans for Italy's economic self-sufficiency. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group. The alliance started to break apart in 1936, completely disbanding in 1938. Had they taken Stalingrad, they could have gone to Moscow, and would never have been defeated. A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly consolidated support for the republic, and by May 1937 were entrenched in (one code per order). Seeking aid from abroad, the Nationalists received troops, tanks, and planes from Nazi Germany and Italy, which used Spain as a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. a political slogan used by Irish nationalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century. This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. leader of the American forces in Europe during WWII leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion, Italian fascist who rules after Mussolini and with whom the US negotiates a surrender (so much for unconditional surrender--Stalin embittered). It was the first World War II conference among the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) in which Stalin was present. He was followed in May 1937 by Juan Negrn, also a socialist, who remained premier throughout the remainder of the war and served as premier in exile until 1945. . The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. BY SPRING 1936 THE PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR COUP D'?TAT Generals Mola, Goded, Fanjul and Franco (later) Sanjurjo was nominal leader but he was in exile in Portugal Mola became the main organiser Included lots of younger, more junior officers Met 8 March 1936 Agreed that if Caballero took . steadily waned. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Whither thou goest, I will go, as it says in Ruth 111 161616. The start date of Operation Overlord. Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat. More recent estimates have been closer to 500,000 or less. Think about the basics of teaching young people . estimates. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. Loyalist volunteers arrived in Spain as wellthe International Brigades, about 40,000 volunteers from Europe and the United States, democrats, socialists, communists, and workers eager to fight for a new order. It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. March 3, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Legion of about 100 planes, which was largely responsible for the Guernica On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. difficulties. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. The league was shaken twiceonce by the Congress of Berlin and again when the Balkans became disputed againbut remained until the forming of the Triple Alliance. English Civil War Thirty Years' War (2000) "Leadership determines the fate of a country." Evaluate this quotation in reference to Spain's experience under Philip II. AP Euro. In response to this loss of good will, France shifted its policy and began to accept the fact that Germany was once again going to be a major player in central European politics. Despite the absence of a real legal basis, the ICRC managed to negotiate access to prisoners and organized help for civilians. He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions Franco government. Franz Ferdinand was emperor of Austria from 1896 until his death. This body drafted a liberal constitution granting universal suffrage, basic freedoms, separation of Church and state, secular control of mass education, and the nationalization of church property. French Radical-Socialist politician, and Prime Minister of France at the beginning of World War II. Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco Create your own unique website with customizable templates. In this A bit of a rabid dog. Omissions? Thus, the a gathering of 730 delegates from all 45 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. Franco's ensuing rein was one of oppression and tradition. You'll also receive an email with the link. The He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. General map of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). leftist volunteers were made up mostly of workers, who volunteered out of The Congress of Berlin was brought together by Bismarck end the Russo-Turkish War and to prevent an entire European war. a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. The Schlieffen Plan was constructed by Germany to deal with fighting a two-front war. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. After the support by the SPD for the German participation in World War I, she co-founded (with Karl Liebknecht) the Spartacist League, Chancellor of Weimar Republic, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for Franco-German reconciliation (1926). Stalins Soviet Union fed the Loyalists supplies and armaments, for which it required payment in full, and in gold. For Britain and France, the conflict represented a new threat to the international equilibrium that they were struggling to preserve, which in 1939 collapsed into World War II. an extended essay by Virginia Woolf. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. Last Saturday my grandmother's twin sisters, Aunt Maeve and Aunt Margaret, celebrated their sixtyeth birthdays in an enormous family gathering at La Vista Park. Although the U.S. government stayed neutral in the Spanish Civil War, about 2,800 Americansmany of whom had never before fired a gunvolunteered for the Republican cause. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. The Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire began the Turkish Revolution of 1908-09. Sometimes it can end up there. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. It was a turning point for World War II. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. He was a Swiss reformed Christian theologian and a leader in the neo-orthodox movement. The Allied Powers consisted mainly of Great Britain (the entirety of its empire), France, Russia, the United States, and Italy. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. The US exerted strong influences in western Europe leading to the creation of global economic and political systems (NATO, IMF, World Bank, WTO, GATT). In any event, the proliferation of executions, murders, and assassinations on both sides reflects the great passions that the Civil War unleashed. The Kaiser was displeased with Moltke and removed him from his position as General. In August 1936, France joined Britain, the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy in signing a nonintervention agreement that would be ignored by the Germans, Italians, and Soviets. instructors. By all rights, the legitimate, elected government should have won this struggle against a handful of insurgent generals. . The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as . It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. Hitler unleashed his air force or Luftwaffe, including the entire Condor Legion, which practiced in Spain the tactics it would use in the larger conflict to come. the Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force, which was one of two paramilitary forces employed by the Royal Irish Constabulary from 1920 to 1921, to suppress revolution in Ireland by targeting the IRA. September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. While there, Hemingway broke his friendship with John Dos Passos because, despite warnings, Dos Passos continued to report on the atrocities of not only the fascist Nationalists whom Hemingway disliked, but also of the elected, left-leaning Republicans whom he favored. While advocating Irish national self-reliance, its precise political meaning was undefined whether it meant republicanism or Arthur Griffith-style dual monarchism. while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. Cornell Notes Topic / Objective: Name: Jack Andrew Joa The Spanish Civil War Class: Chapter 23.4 Notes Period: Date: Essential Question: The Spanish Civil War Chapter 23.4 Notes Questions: Notes: Spain: World War I: Neutral. "Monty", was a British Army officer. The uprising consisted of military action between the existing republican government and a nationalist faction led by a military General called Francisco Franco. The Germans were far less generous, but sent the famous Condor Subscribe now. More than eleven feet high and more than twenty-five feet long, it is enormous and its vast scale meant that Picasso had to use a ladder in order to paint the upper sections. On September 2, 1945, the Japanese emperor formally surrendered on this ship in Tokyo Bay. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. Soviet Lesson 5 - The Spanish Civil War & the Influence of Foreign Powers: . The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. a document that is an attempt to control king (Charles I) included: -no taxes unless approved by Parliament -no forced loans, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment without trial, no quartering of soldiers -KING NOT ABOVE LAW Charles agreed to the petition only because he needed the money lead up to Civil War The point of the alliance was an assurance that if one nation went to war with 2 or more powers, then the others would join the war alongside the nation. Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. He was later a prominent commander in Italy and North-West Europe, where he was in command of all Allied ground forces during Operation Overlord until after the Battle of Normandy. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. You have these wonderful images, for instance. Below is the article summary. A. Thomas is a very unusual author,;\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{;}}}{{,\\\color{#c34632}{_\wedge}}},; she wrote her first book at the age of thirteen. By March 28 all of the Republican armies had begun to disband and surrender, and Nationalist forces entered Madrid on that day. There were 50,000 Italian soldiers in Spain at the height of He led a failed military coup against the democratically elected republican government. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39) Military revolt against the government of Spain.After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. That it did not has to do with the behavior of the onlooker European nations. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Spanish-Civil-War. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. The Algeciras Conference was begun by Germany after it had tested the new French-British understanding by sending a warship to the Tangier where Kaiser William II made a speech favoring Moroccan independence. Along with Marcel Proust and Virginia Woolf, he is a key figure in the development of the modernist novel. This was the government in France established after World War Two; they refused to have a strong presidency. bombing. (Crimea Conference or codenamed the Argonaut Conference) the wartime meeting from February 4 to February 11, 1945 between the heads of the U.S., the U.K., and the Soviet Union Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin. He was also a pastor and one of the leading thinkers in the neo-orthodox movement. The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. She started the journal Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). The "bulge" refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. Omissions? aircraft and Soviet military advisors. Spanish Civil War, (193639) Military revolt against the government of Spain. Project for AP Euro about the Spanish Civil War. Franco's wing Such was the case in 20th-century Spain, where several years of attempted republican rule erupted into civil war, eventually giving way to a fascist dictatorship that lasted well into the 1970s . international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." Internecine conflict compromised the Republican effort from the outset. Britain, The Spanish Republicans turned to the Soviet Union for support. Falange in the Pre-Civil-War Years, 1933-1936 Early Fascist Movements The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans underFrancisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrn. The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict betweendepending on their point of viewtyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. Fascist and extreme-right forces responded in July 1936 with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a civil war. You can view our. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Fourth French Republic. The wars end brought a period of dictatorship that lasted until the mid-1970s. It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. If a sentence contains an incorrect comma, draw a caret (^) over the comma, and write the correct punctuation above the caret. within the ranks. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. | force, beginning in October 1936 with the creation of the Popular Army, which, The following list of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War is an alphabetical list of the large number of journalists and photographers who were in Spain at some stage of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Germany and Japan signed this, promising a common front against communisim. At first it looked as if the plan would work, but Russia was able to mobilize its army much faster than anyone had anticipated and penetrated the border of East Prussia. It has been estimated that Picasso produced about 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics. They were called the Central Powers because they were encircled by the Allied Powers. an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary and politics of any remnants of the Nazi regime. led a war faction that took power in Japan in 1941. he decided to attack pearl harbor rather than yield to U.S. control. France signed treaties with each of the countries. adjective. In the 1890s it was used by the Gaelic League, which advocates the revival of the Irish language. First amphibious invasion ever. Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies. political idealism. A union of Britain and its many current and former colonies. He, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. Free trial is available to new customers only. All About the Cold War - AP Euro. the army had been destroyed by the division of the nation. The rebels a military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers which was recognised in 1919 by Dil ireann as the legitimate army of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic, the Irish state proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and reaffirmed by the Dil in January 1919. an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. extreme right. Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. In August 1936, more than two dozen nations, including France . The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan.
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