AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Add a comment. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? 1. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Complications. Causes. The heart rate slows . The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Thirst. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). Reduced urine. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Guilleminault et al. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. B) the cause of the problem. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). C) the severity and duration of the problem. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Upset stomach and vomiting. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. a. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. 1. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment).
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