Examining the ancient poetry and myths found in African, Latin American, and Caribbean culture, and particularly the Yoruba trickster figure of Esu-Elegbara and the Signifying Monkey whose myths help articulate the black tradition's theory of its literature, Gates uncovers a unique system for interpretation and a powerful vernacular tradition that black slaves brought with them to the New World Thanks, Julieta Derosa for muffinsisters.com, Can any zoologist be recommend for me to educate me more on wildlifes, Please note, comments must be approved before they are published. Without an awareness of Black vernacular the reader can easily gloss over the deeper meanings in the text that may read improper or often times, readers will feel encumbered by the dialect instead of embracing and adapting to it. the Racial Self (1987) and The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism (1988). what does signifying monkey mean in african american culture. Omissions? Within Gatess theory of African American criticism, Hurston would have been celebrated for brilliantly capturing the black voice in writing (345) and showcasing many features of the black vernacular (including the construction of the story as an oral narrative, told to Pheoby Watson). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The signifying monkey appears in the following: In the 2003 Angel episode "Destiny", the vampire Spike uses a variation of the phrase to mock Angel for believing he was the subject of a prophecy which might just as easily have referred to Spike: "All these years believing you're the signified monkey, only to find out you're just a big hunk of nobody cares.". Perhaps today we take for granted the study of literature through different critical lenses and being sensitive to themes and tropes that are specific to a culture in a historical context; Gates argument seems unassailable. For example, some New World monkeys, such as spider monkeys from South America, have prehensile tails that they can use to grasp and hold tree branches and other . She was ignorant to the fact that these things would late compromise Janies freedom. In the 11th century, Cardinal Peter Damian gave an account of a monkey that was the lover of a countess from Liguria. Together with Silvia Sebastiani, Wulf D. Hund and Charles W. Mills just edited a volume of the Racism Analysis Yearbook on Simianization. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. georgia forensic audit pulitzer; pelonis box fan manual. Examining the ancient poetry and myths found in African, Latin American, and Caribbean culture, and particularly . "Tar-zan" = "white skin" in Ape, the impressively polyglot Burroughs informs us. Images that put men on a level with rats carrying epidemic plagues were part of the ideological escort of anti-Jewish and anti-Chinese racism. ;ar),e~nj37cEGGG`LsB,iQ AQif==,YYj\3zuYmg21}uA@ >v The story seems to be apocryphal - no documentation has been found for it - but its widespread circulation testifies to the decolonial aspiration of millions of Africans. the signifying monkey joke . katherine clay bassard Virginia Commonwealth University The Significance of Signifying Vernacular Theory and the Creation of Early African American Literary Study A provocative difference one notices on the cover of the two editions of Henry Louis Gates's groundbreaking book The Signifying Monkey is the change in the subtitle from "A Theory of . Alas, within less than a year, Lumumba would be dead, assassinated with the connivance of Western agencies, and the country turned over to neocolonial rule. DOI: 10.2307/3200284 Corpus ID: 165276998; The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism @article{Adk1990TheSM, title={The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism}, author={Ad{\'e}l{\'e}k{\`e} Ad{\'e}k and Henry Louis Gates join}, journal={South Atlantic Review}, year={1990}, volume={55}, pages={179} } Another frequent subject of toasts is the Signifying Monkey. The signifying monkey is a character of African-American folklore that derives from the trickster figure of Yoruba mythology, Esu Elegbara.This character was transported with Africans to the Americas under the names of Exu, Echu-Elegua, Papa Legba, and Papa Le Bas.Esu and his variants all serve as messengers who mediated between the gods and men by means of tricks. The Signifying Monkey continues to 'signify.'"Wole Soyinka "The Signifying Monkey is a trailblazing act of the critical imagination; a bold and brilliant reshaping of the African American literary and cultural tradition that has redrawn the map of American studies. Signifyin', or signifyin (g) (vernacular), is a form of wordplay. The history of a narrative by Antonio de Torquemada shows how in this process Africans became demonised and the demons racialised. NK>|bKX n 3&H]$!|f#I -lRS$H'Q8Tr]YQh_de+`at=m83!1J)nMG p*RHYZM0M4"i]>RacGF5hjmj$@.a4}R The rupture of enslavement, what Gates refers to as the experience of diaspora shattered the coherent system of order represented by Esu-Elegbara, and is now being reassembled through processes of African American signifyingattempts to recuperate, reconstitute, and improvise upon those fragments in a new context. It elaborates a new critical approach located . In the story's first version (1570), a Portuguese woman was exiled to Africa where she was raped by an ape and had his babies. In the article "The Signifying Monkey" Gates Jr. emphasizes the origin of the Afro-America origin. The text also shows us the cultural appreciation and reverence of speech. He continues: The black tradition has inscribed within it the very principles by which it can be read. (We are no longer your monkeys). Hailed in The New York Times Book Review as "eclectic, exciting, convincing, provocative" and in The Washington Post Book World as "brilliantly original," Henry Louis Gates, Jr.'s The Signifying Monkey is a groundbreaking work that illuminates the relationship between the African and African-American vernacular traditions and black literature. This distinction between whose speeches are important and whose arent, shows Janies lack of power and respect, as a woman. Precisely because of that it also required the most thorough and systematic kind of dehumanisation in the theorisation of that reality. In general, the stories depict the signifying monkey insulting the lion, but claiming that he is only repeating the elephant's words. It is a practice in African-American culture involving a verbal strategy of indirection that exploits the gap between the denotative and figurative meanings of words. The analysis also foregrounds the constructs of crossroads theory (Meacham, 2000, 2001a, 2001b) and code meshing (Canagarajah, 2006) as heuristics for understanding how literacy and language function in multiracial contexts for people who confront discrimination and subjugation. For some tribes, they are also a symbol of clarity and temperance. While signifyin(g) is the term coined by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. to represent a black vernacular, the idea stems from the thoughts of Ferdinand De Saussure and the process of signifyingthe association between words and the ideas they indicate. Gates states, Signification, in standard English, denotes the meaning . Given these observations, how can we apply Gates general principles of black cultural autonomy (the self-referential orbit of symbols and ideas that establish black culture and consciousness as a critical framework for literary interpretation) and his focus on the speakerly quality of texts to our analyses of Their Eyes Were Watching God as a paradigm for African American literary theory? It likes to enjoy life while living with others in groups. What is the theme of The Signifying Monkey? as points of conscious articulation of language traditions aware of themselves as tradition, complete with a history, patterns of development and revision, and internal principles of patterning and organization (340-1). Wulf D. Hund, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Department of Socioeconomics, University of Hamburg and Charles W Mills, John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, Northwestern University. hXnF}LQvu! Hanging Out With Symbolic Monkey Meaning. Simianisation is a version of this strategy, which historically manifested a lethal combination of sexism and racism. what does signifying monkey mean in african american culture. When Plato - by quoting Heraclitus - declared apes ugly in relation to humans and men apish in relation to gods, this was cold comfort for the apes. hb```@(11(Aw.@Hu? Euro-centric bias in the literary tradition does not account for the unique double-voice of black writers, the two-toned heritage that distinguishes their work from the Western tradition. Publicato il 16 June 2022 by 16 June 2022 by 0 Across the continent, the leopard signifies agility, nobility, ferocity, aggression, and courage, and some consider it to be the Great Watcher. You looks hard tuh beat. Ah is, cause I cant play uh lick (95). Literature, arts and everyday entertainment also seized on the issue. The father played by Robin Harris mentioned the character Dolomite to his son Kid. The Signifying Monkey adds to the story of Esu-Elegbara and his many-faceted nature, bringing the Monkey himself front and center in American culture. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Oxford African American Studies Center, the first comprehensive scholarly online resource in the field of African American and Africana Studies, and is co-editor, with K. Anthony Appiah, of Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. This paper uses data collected through interviews with musicians and dancers of merengue tipico, four years of participation in the Santiago carnival, and the theories of Henry Louis Gates and Paul Gilroy to explore expressions of Black Atlantic in a Dominican context, while explaining the connections between dance and music from a cibaeo perspective. Signifyin (sometimes written signifyin(g)) (vernacular), is a wordplay. gb~5Sv ,t`hSRNqzv@s/fB$8F7sWu])o9~)mo'MjZNvb[:{)?L {svt6y~sp?X#6|NP/xBtP("VQ8 r Y!BR1B$Oo)ym{!MR+u!K>Zx_?OxyNf|o#Wc5D_jA1*tsre%Hc3g7_G4oBse_Qrc_( ](;H$lE@\# -NIkqks~Ibn&I[o-"_ (^>`87. I am completely supportive of Gates theory that African American literary theory should be just as culturally distinctive and autonomous as the African American works of literature themselves. Several discourse strategies are highlighted in the analysis of the text: the use of the Great Migration and fugitive slave narratives, the use of linguistic markings to represent 20th-century white supremacy and the maintenance of southern and northern Jim Crow policies, the use of the South as a literary symbol of black home/motherland, the use of the blues and spirituals as a lyrical blueprint for narrative writing, and the use of the psychic and historical politics of the trickster as central to textual organization and characterization. Finally, to what extent do you agree or disagree with Gates regarding the need for such an autonomous, culturally distinctive formation of African American literary theory? But here, its not witty, its a way of hinting at the cultural recognitions between triumphantly winning a game because of skill and winning by default or chance. Take mid-19th century America in circles in which polygenesis (separate origins for the races) was taken seriously. (2016) Resistance through 'Robber-Talk': Storytelling Strategies and the Carnival Trickster in Caribbean Quarterly: A Journal of Caribbean Culture. are said to be born in the year of the monkey and are said to be blessed with intelligence. . Post author: Post published: 8 juin 2022; Post category: dylan williams director; From Reconstruction to the jazz age through today, this boasting tradition has . This article is a foundation essay. . GW'z( b$EQ P2sf9%BW*|9Icux6;.rGLtj4cASVfGji|v\f{RtX>Lx4;,:&8aONN~e9ui>yv6+b./F)YMFclpLr$=J!"MC~}=g8JY.&=#=p>c=tM_Sv@|ldO%;2'Is|#R?Z=~'mhm3Qg5i]#'IIbk Africa's Old World monkeys include groups such as baboon, colobus, drill, gelada, guenon, mandrill, and macaque. The concept of "limping" is widespread in various genres of music and dance in the northern region of northern Dominican Republic called the Cibao. He is disappointed that Kid would rather go to a party than stay home with his dad and watch the show. how are speech and power (in terms of gender, race, and class) related? By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Even more so, locals have always associated the animals around them with symbols, finding a deeper meaning and connection between them and these beasts: Across the continent, the lion tends to symbolize strength, courage, pride, wisdom, authority, and protection, while the lioness represents fierce motherhood and feminity. (343-4). This character was . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. By Mona Lisa Saloy. As totems, rhinos are symbols of gentleness and peace, and healers believe they represent steadiness and security. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Many tribes believe elephants were supernatural beings and that their bones and ivory tusks are the purest substances known. Each group has special skills. Geplaatst op 3 juli 2022 door . Rather, it consolidated a Manichean iconography pervasive throughout the colonial Western world in the first half of the 20th century and lingering still today. Moreover, the typical characters of cibaeo carnival in Santiago and La Vega also move, it is said, with a "limp". As he states early in the introduction: The Signifying Monkey explores the relation of the black vernacular tradition to . (LogOut/ Janies speech is symbolic of the black language as she turns the noun friend into a verb as she says in Chapter 16 That is why she sought out Janie to friend with. This a form of a black dialect that is often spoken by the narrator of Their Eyes. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". When they express this sentiment to Joe, he merely dismissed Janie as someone he did not marry for her speeches. Learn about this topic in these articles: the Racial Self (1987) and The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism (1988). How do you separate a mixture by crystallisation? The lion then confronts the elephant, who in turn physically assaults the lion. Song of Songs. Zrich, Berlin, Wien, Mnster: Lit 2015/16 (ISBN 978-3-643-90716-5). As women were subject to an analogous defamation, things proceeded as one would expect. In Africa, the lion, like all other felines, are also believed to possess special powers of protection. June 30, 2022; this place is a shelter sheet music; hall and jordan funeral home obituaries . They are also highly humorous. Its associated with good luck, patience, wisdom, longevity, and happiness. As defined by Henry Louis Gates, signifying occurred when " black writers read, repeated, imitated, and revised each other's texts to a remarkable extent." (Gates & Mitchell) Concepts presented in one text tend to appear in later . The Signifying Monkey, the major scholarly work of Henry Louis Gates, influential scholar of African-American literature, has long been a gap in my education.Gates left Yale in '85 as a rising star - eventually to build the African-American studies practice at Harvard - before I could take his class, but some of the ideas in the book were deja vu familiar to me from lectures in other . This does not stop at class boundaries. Leading scientists of the day Josiah C. Nott and George R. Gliddon, in their 1854 Types of Mankind, documented what they saw as objective racial hierarchies with illustrations comparing blacks to chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. Once it gained freedom, it was able to live and rest. Gates discusses the relationship between the vernacular and the literary as one of parallel discursive universes. [1] The signifying monkey is "distinctly Afro-American" but is thought to derive from Yoruban mythology, which depicts Echu-Elegua with a monkey at his side. I agree that defining an African American Literary Theory is a worthwhile and necessary proposition. Examining the ancient poetry and myths found in . Given the animals exceptional eyesight, locals believe the leopard has the ability to see what others cannot; as their skin helps them camouflage in the wilderness, they also lend to the animal the virtue of shape-shifting and being able to fool those who seek to harm them. 1", TRANSFERS OF CONTENT AND FORM BETWEEN EMISSORS AND RECIPIENTS OF SLAVE NARRATIVES: THE STRUGGLE FOR CULTURAL ASSIMILATION, CULTURAL PRESERVATION, AND AGENCY, Syncopated Communities: Dancing with Ellison, Hip-Hop Cosmologies / Critical Black Folklore Studies, Metatheory and the Subject of Democracy in the Work of Ralph, Double-Consciousness and Double Bind: Identities, Tradition, Migration and Translation. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The African American Toast Tradition. That being said, Africans rarely hunt buffaloes for eating, resorting to doing so only on desperate times, as its meatand particularly, their muscular legs-tend to be tough and hard to cook. Signifyin is the practice of representing an idea indirectly, through a commentary that is often humourous, boastful, insulting, or provocative. what does signifying monkey mean in african american culture benjamin aguero football. One of the 56 images showed the group of the accused young men beside a newspaper with the headline "Guilty Rape". what does signifying monkey mean in african american culture. It popularised its repellent combination of sexist and racist representations. How do you see the novel both generating and relying upon ideas of black culture and representations of black speech? Henry Louis Gates Jr. makes a compelling case for the formation of autonomous African American literary theory. It elaborates a new critical approach located within this tradition that allows the black voice to speak for itself. He is both acknowledging and deviating from a definition of black vernacular as a distinctly verbal/oral mode of expression. Gates introduces the African American discourse version of signifying as literary forms, including repetition and pastiche, based on cultural actions and traditions that produce blackness in literature. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". In the following centuries, simianisation would enter into different sciences and humanities. Throughout Africa, the richness and diversity of the continent's culture can be appreciated in all parts of daily life, and the connection between the natives and the animals who once used to reign the savannah is no exception. 'Scottsboro Alabama' carried a foreword by Michael Gold, editor of the communist journal New Masses. The Signifying Monkey. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. %PDF-1.7 % disney land and sea packages 2022. affluent black neighborhoods in new york. Signifyin' is the practice of representing an idea indirectly, through a commentary that is often humourous, boastful, insulting, or provocative. Updates? What does soul mean? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. talladega high school basketball. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Locals also believe their tusks to carry aphrodisiac qualities and thus are often hunted for the purpose of removing and selling them. Comparing Black People to Monkeys has a Long, Dark Simian History. How do the specific formal dimensions of dialect and speech-play (signifying) create deeper levels of meaning within the universe of the text? what does signifying monkey mean in african american culture A monkey riding a horse also has the same meaning. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Though the lion gets payback on the Signifying Monkey in the end, it's a story of wit, cleverness and wisdom. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. From then on, the sexist manifestation of simianisation was intimately intertwined with its racist dimension. They developed kinship networks, religious beliefs, and families infused with their values and race . He is reputed to have concluded: Nous ne sommes plus vos macaques! By establishing a new foreground from which African American writers can build upon and view their work he not only individualizes the concept of African American literature, but does so with respect towards the Western culture that, in essence, counterbalances, but also influences, works such as Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God. They are closely related to the labelling of others with the language of contamination and disease. A simple example would be insulting someone to show affection. Most monkeys have a short, relatively flat face without great . , LIMPROBABLE TRICKSTER . The Signifying Monkey: Towards a Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism. what does signifying monkey mean in african american culturechesapeake health care covid vaccine. This African Americanrelated article is a stub. As Stephen Jay Gould comments, the book was not a fringe document, but the leading American text on racial differences. This page was last edited on 5 May 2022, at 10:35. This is evident in the interaction between Jody and Janie. Signifying is a combination of rhetorical strategies employed in African American speech communitiesin particular, the use of irony and indirection to express ideas and opinions. Janies grandmother also describes herself as a cracked plate (16). I think Gates is correct in saying there is a need for a separate mode of analysis when reading Black literature. In addition, he is the author of Figures in Black: Words, Signs and the 'Racial' Self, Loose Canons: Notes on the Culture Wars, Colored People: A Memoir, and Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man (co-authored with Cornell West). People born in the Monkey year are said to possess the personality traits of being intelligent, clever, and curious. These are longer than usual and take a wider look at a key issue affecting society. Already Jean Bodin, doyen of the theory of sovereignty, had ascribed the sexual intercourse of animals and humans to Africa south of the Sahara. As you know, "signifyin(g)" is the practice of saying something with two meanings: the obvious meaning of the words and the hidden meaning, which can only be understood by members of a shared cultural group. Signifyin'. I LOVE ALL OF THE FACTS YOU HAVE INCLUDED however I THINK THAT YOU SHOULD ADD MORE ANIMALS. If it now had to be conceded that we were all related to the apes, it could nonetheless be insisted that blacks' consanguinity was much closer - perhaps a straightforward identity. what does signifying monkey mean in african american culture. The notion that the Middle Passage was so traumatic that it functioned to create in the African a tabula rasa of consciousness is as odd as it is a fiction, a fiction that has served several economic orders and their attendant . He characterised the region as a hotbed of monsters, arising from the sexual union of humans and animals. Cracked plates are fragile, broken, trash, old, somewhat useless,etc This metaphor really stuck out to me because its so unlike the speech we hear today in that its so much more beautiful and precise. In the Middle Ages, Christian discourse recognised simians as devilish figures and representatives of lustful and sinful behaviour. Their symbolism mirrors the contradictory nature of rhinos behaviour in the wild, who are known to display aggressive behaviour and yet also to be quite passive and gentle. In addition to its overriding theme of music blues, jazz, spirituals, and gospel songs as an integral force in the creation and survival of African-American culture, Song of Solomon draws on a wide variety of myths, stories, and legends from a diverse range of cultures.These narratives include the Bible (Song of Songs, the Prodigal Son); African folklore and oral . Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Their pleas are so dramatic and exaggerated, but its understood to all that they are acting out and that theyre all in the play. Its a part of their life. Not just in his numerous books, but in the movies made of them and the various cartoon strip and comic spin-offs, of his most famous creation, Tarzan of the Apes. Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism is a groundbreaking work of literary theory by revered African-American scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. Often regarded as a foundational text of black literary theory, the book's stated intention is "if not exactly to invent a black theoryto locate and identify how the 'black tradition' had theorized about itself." The dad then starts reciting the Signifying Monkey routine as he walks away. (eds.) As evidenced in print and music, African Americans boast a lively verbal art tradition that includes tales, toasts, and adventures of bad guys who confront and vanquish any adversary instantly and guiltlessly. 2011, Black Ecstasies: Re/membering the Diaspora Through St. Martin de Porres, ZORA NEALE HURSTON, " THE BONE COLLECTOR " OF HARLEM RENAISSANCE: THE HORIZON BUILT ON BONES, Howard Journal of Communications, "Signifying Dis(Ability): Perusing Interpretations of Muhammad Ali's Disability", Heterotopic Nightmares and Coming of Age in Elijah of Buxton: Mobility and Maturation, Ghetto of the Mind (2017): Religion als Widerstandsform in Hip Hop und Afrofuturismus am Beispiel von Jiba Molei Andersons Black Comic The Horsemen [Conclusio], Pitch Black, Black Pitch: Theorizing African American Literature, A Salute to the Elephant : Abiola Irele at the Intersection of Disciplines, Aesthetic Image of Animal Epithet in Alice Walker's " Everyday Use".pdf, The Comic at the Crossroads: The Semiotics of Voodoo Storytelling in "The Hole: Consumer Culture Vol. However, the limp is not only a local stylistic feature; it is also one that connects cibaeo culture with other "limping" expressions found throughout the Caribbean region, from blues rhythms to zydeco dance and the "pimp walk." The rest of the picture was filled with a monstrous black simian figure baring its teeth and dragging off a helpless white girl. (LogOut/ This opening selection from Gates 1988 book of African American literary criticism, The Signifying Monkey, establishes the idea of black vernacular as a framework through which to measure, analyze, explore, and perhaps most importantly, read, African American literature. Most tribes in Africa admire the lion, however, there were somegenerally, those who raised cattlethat considered it the personification of evil, likely due to the fact that lions enjoy the taste of bovines. She eagerly reciprocated and became helplessly hooked. The rhino is believed in most African tribes to symbolise fierceness and savagery, often associating them with furious people, yet they are also a symbol of agility, freedom, solitude, and inner peace. Since Africans were transported as slaves to America, Black Americans have nurtured and created a dynamic culture within a climate of intense racial, social, and economic exploitation and injustice. Matts mule is easily able to be read as a symbol of the black woman in society, and in the scope of the novel can be representative of Janie. 4. Gates wrote in The Signifying Monkey (1988) that signifyin' is "a trope, in which are subsumed several other rhetorical . Africa and Africans occupied a special place in the white imaginary, marked by the most shameless misrepresentations. It also takes me to thinking about the porch culture in the novel. Thank you!https://www.patreon.com/SeeHearSayLearn , http://www.youtube.com/c/SeeHearSayLearn?sub_confirm. journal of market access and health policy impact factor. I LOVE ALL OF THE INFOMATION THAT U INCLUDED. Signifying was a certain wordplay that involved the indirection of denotative and figurative meanings of words. Several versions of a folk ballad or 'street toast' about the Signifying Monkey were recorded in the 1960's and 1970's. One version begins: Lean your ear over here just a minute. fox hill country club membership cost. Read the original article. It was referenced and can also be heard in the 1990 movie House Party. The artists fully understood the interplay of racist ideology, reactionary reporting and southern injustice. In what ways might the concept of voice be broadened beyond simply the phonic (what is heard) into more of a political sense (who can speak? His intellectual contemporaries knew well that the stage for this transgressing love-and-rape-story was Africa because, according to the wisdom of the time, drills lived in Guinea. Exploring the process of signification in black American life and literature by analyzing the transmission and revision of various signifying figures, Gates provides an extended analysis of what he calls the "Talking Book," a central trope in early slave narratives that virtually defines the tradition of black American letters. 2. The deep respect and reverence that Africans have towards their animals can be acknowledged in everything from what they eat, to how they dress, and what they paint, as thats how the symbols tend to be manifested. The entire notion that Hurston was deploying a masterful use of the free indirect discourse perfected by many white modernist writers, BUT with her own vernacularly twist, supports Gates claims that, in order to establish a new medium for analyzing serious works of literature, one must pay extremely close attention to not only how the author is portraying his/her language, but also what those different forms of language afford the reader in contrast with the normal, so to say, Western creations.
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