After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: The scholars dig up what they themselves buried. Correctness as consistency means that a statement is deduced from another statement in accordance with the rules of reasoning. Ancient and medieval human beings were not subjects: The worlds becoming a picture is one and the same process as mans becoming a subjectum among beings. But if in our rendering, we are turning everything into objectness so as to seek its possibilities and potentials, from where will any recognition, responsibility or obligation arise? Exhibition. These have to do with communities. They are the creators of the shadows within Platos Cave. But notice that the objects being spoken about must have already presented themselves to us in some fashion in order for our statements to be made about them i.e. If we speak of technology, the products of technology, our computers, hand phones, military hardware and logistics, these are all examples of the principle of reasons striving for perfectibility. In the most general terms (and as a second order inquiry) the production of knowledge that results from such viewing is the determination of the being of things as objects. As part of your education, empirical science is an experience in which you conduct experiments; by contrast, in literature or the arts you may be called upon to write an essay (an attempt, a test) based on personal experience or your experience of a text. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. Neither of these two AOKs are systems in the true understanding of that word and are rather interpretations of what Westerners see and how they account for the beings as a whole and for their understanding of those beings. Values involve ethics or choices and determinations of what are best ends, what is most useful primarily for the individual and also for the community; virtues involve politics, how to best live in communities. The virtue of some thing was its usefulness or goodness, and it had to do with its potentialities or possibilities. If the "newly acquired knowledge" makes significantly more sense than the "established" values, it would seem to make good sense to change your values, providing the new knowledge does not violate your ethics or morals. This quote from one of quantum physics founders, Werner Heisenberg, assures us of this: We [physicists] have resigned ourselves to the situation just described, since it turned out that we could represent mathematically and say in every case, dependably and without fear of logical contradiction, what the result of an experiment would be. This fundamental experience of how things are comes to determine for us the manner in which we look at and experience the things we encounter here in the modern age. Ours has been an age of progress in that the knowledge that has been produced from the technological viewing of the world has brought about many benefits. When we speak of owning knowledge, we are speaking about that which we have taken possession of for ourselves: I get it!, I understand and it is now mine. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. In order to know the audience so that ones knowledge can be communicated, the speaker of such knowledge must understand the human beings who are the hearers. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. But our word virtue which for the Greeks meant the manliness of a man has come to mean the chastity of a woman. This is what you are attempting to do in your Exhibition. Belief {Gk. Required fields are marked *. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? With its articulation, the modern age bursts into blossom. What the light of a project reveals are possibilities captured in the interpretation. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? When we compare the latest I-Phones to what appeared previously, what counts for improvements are the greater number of apps that are applicable to making our everyday encounters more efficient and reliable. When we say that science is the theory of the real, we are saying that science is the viewing that allows the interpretation of the being of things to be objects and to be understood as reality. It can only be eliminated through the mode of speaking with one another and to one another. We as human beings define ourselves as the animal rationale, that animal that is capable of reason or the animal that is capable of ratio or of counting, the animal capable of language. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. What is essential is not mere ignorance, mere unfamiliarity, but a presumption of knowledge. It becomes something subjective. For modern thinking, the manner in which beings are is as objects. https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676, https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. He asserts that the American Constitution and his reading of the FederalistPapers#65 by Hamilton allow the President to act in any manner he deems fit regarding his re-election as long as that action is in the public interest. what you are getting your education for. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. In the examples that I frequently use from the Greeks, all of them are translations of that language. If the first principle is the principle of reason, then the rest of ones discourse must be logically derived and the conclusions drawn from that principle. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? This representational thinking, or visual thinking, determines howthe object stands i.e. Understandably, considering different perspectives might be challenging sometimes. relates some thing to some other thing. To reckon on something or rely on something means that we can expect it and to see it as something upon which we can build. Even where one permits the animate its own character (as is done in the human sciences), this character is conceived as an additional structure built upon the inanimate. Skills are know how, what the Greeks calledtechne. While the perceived value of a product or a brand in the past usually accrued over time, nowadays the value of a product is truly in the eyes of a beholder rather than in the usefulness or good of the product itself. Because not all of a work of art or a poem, for instance, can be accounted for through these calculations, we refer to our responses to them as subjective and we strive to give an account of the work which will overcome this subjectivity and will conform to the principle of sufficient reason, a giving of an adequate account with the evidence for such an account.Our mode of access to a type of thing, e.g. It is the object that determines the kind of knowledge that is most appropriate to it i.e. Technology as the principle of sufficient reason is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. Fortunately the Greeks had no experiences Hence they did not believe that the point of art is to provide them. (Heidegger). fides} is the affirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition, whether or not one is in possession of evidence adequate to justify a claim that the proposition is known with certainty (the principle of sufficient reason). values or beliefs? The evidence is considered adequate when the idea in the mind corresponds to the object which is under investigation and that object gives us its reasons for being as it is. The truth of what is past or historical must be disinterred and become claimed as current knowledge. Any image of medicinal healing of any type can answer the questions of for whom (human beings) and for what purposes (health) because health is determined to be a good end or purpose and it has value for us. 32. r/IBO. Our falling away into subjective truth is not a fault of human beings: that the gods offered themselves more fully to the Greeks than to us is not our fault. Thus we resigned ourselves to the new situation the moment we could make dependable predictions. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. Modern science experiences the demand to render sufficient reasons as a crisis currently. are the questions that can be explored in the Exhibition. It was the Greek fundamental experience of the being of beings which underlay, and gave rise to, both the subject-predicate form of their language (and, thus, our English language) and their conception of a thing as a subject (subjectum) with accidents (qualities, what we experience of the thing through sensory perception). how the questions of what, how and why are sufficiently answered and the thing about which the claim is being made is sufficiently brought to light and handed over to others. To what extent is certainty attainable? Why is an alternative approach necessary? To count can be understood as what is a priori in the project, such as your Exhibition itself. It must be that we feel that we have nothing to learn from the thinking that occurred before this time, or perhaps we feel that we already know the discussions that the great minds undertook regarding things in the past and that we can learn about them but not from them. We may gain our knowledge from parents, peers, teachers or others with whom we come in contact, but this knowledge must be made our own. It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. This helps us to understand what Socrates meant when he said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness, such a madness as one sees in Macbeth at the end of that play. . This object is included in this exhibition because it shows how credible an article can become based on an individual's beliefs or values. Our being-in-the-world is permeated by a lack of knowledge. A sufficient reason is the identification of a subject or theme with its predicates; it is the identification of the causes for some things being what and how it is. The book Les malheurs de Sophie was made by Kounouz about the misfortunes of a girl named Sophie. 16. This choice of images or objects is your own, but the truth and knowledge in the representational thinking regarding their relation to each other will not be of your doing or making. The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts The TOK Exhibition (also sometimes called the TOK IA) counts for one-third of your marks in the course. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. Object 1: Heliocentrism theory changed how people perceive the universe. People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. In other areas, there are few, for example, who understand the mathematics involved in quantum and relativity physics. What counts as a good justification for a claim? Darwin and Nietzsche: Part V: The World as Life and Becoming: Darwin and Nietzsche: Part VI: What is Practical Need? The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. 11. The principle of reason states: nothing is without (a) cause or nothing is without a reason or nothing is without reason. It is through research that we believe we can uncover that which has been hidden. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. What this definition indicates is that the production of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne, and in all of those prompts that speak of the production or producing of knowledge we can be certain that the technological viewing of the world is at play. 15. 3. The philosophical principles lying inside quantum physics and Heisenbergs indeterminacy principle are proofs that what was traditionally called objectivity in the sciences is no longer possible. To that extent, we have renounced the type of description of nature that was customary for centuries and that had been valid as the self-evident goal of all exact natural science. If you should chose this prompt, the manner in which you establish the relations that you believe exist between the three objects you have chosen will require the need to provide evidence for that relation. To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. For example: I believe that two plus three equals five, I believe that Bill Clinton was President of the United States in 1995, and I believe that I will live another ten years. World-picture, like the concept of culture, is distinctively modern. This calculus or reckoning is not only present in mathematics; it is the foundation or ground of the utilitarian principles of ethics. It is the old definition and understanding of justice: we render to others their due. This word has only recently come to prominence (19th century) and yet even the Pope himself uses this word when speaking of how Roman Catholics should be in the world.
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