In general, MVMs might help people who do not eat a nutritious variety of foods to obtain adequate amounts of essential nutrients. Multivitamin use and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in the Women's Health Initiative cohorts. Adding omega-3 fatty acids, lutein and zeaxanthin, or both to the AREDS formulation did not further reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD. Water and some water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion. The vitamin A UL during pregnancy is 2,800 mcg/day for adolescents and 3,000 mcg/day for women [66]. The NCCIH Clearinghouse provides information onNCCIHand complementary and integrative health approaches, including publications and searches of Federal databases of scientific and medical literature. Any vitamins, minerals, or other types of dietary supplements? The results showed no significant associations between MV or MVM use and risk of major CVD events, including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and CVD death. Taking excess vitamin A (as retinol or other preformed forms of vitamin A but not beta-carotene) during pregnancy can increase the risk of birth defects in infants. One of the largest prospective studies of MVM use was the Women's Health Initiative, which evaluated the health of 161,808 postmenopausal women aged 5079 years and their risk factors for cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Another large prospective study investigated the association between use of MVs and MVMs (mostly MVMs described as "therapeutic or theragran," "one-a-day," or "stress-tab") and risk of cancer by following 489,640 men and women aged 5071 years for 16 years [8]. The MVM also improved memory and executive function. However, one study in this meta-analysis found a 19% higher risk of breast cancer in 25.5% of 35,329 Swedish women who reported taking an MV or MVM (in most cases nutrients in amounts close to RDA levels) than in women who did not take these supplements over an average of 9.5 years [21]. MVMs taken once a day that contain all or most vitamins and minerals, most in amounts that do not exceed the Daily Values (DVs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), or Adequate Intakes (AIs) for these nutrients. Drug Class: Vitamins, Combos. A third CVD outcomes study prospectively followed a cohort of 37,193 women ages 45 and older (mean age 54 years) participating in the Women's Health Study who were users (38%) or nonusers (62%) of MVMs (including "a wide range of lower-dose vitamins and minerals") for an average of 16.2 years. The recommended dietary amount for lactating women ages 19-50 is 120 mg and pregnant women is 85 mg.2. However, few randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have been conducted because these studies need to be long enough to show effects on disease risk that go beyond simply identifying intermediate biomarkers that might suggest such risk. Approximately 7476% of the men and 7275% of the women had adequate intakes on average from food alone of the 17 nutrients examined, but use of MVMs increased the prevalence of adequacy to 84% for the men and 83% for the women. Vitamins and minerals can cause toxicity if consumed in large amounts. MVMs for "senior" men and women, for example, often contain little or no iron and more calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 than MVMs for younger adults [69]. Manufacturers choose which vitamins, minerals, and other ingredients, as well as their amounts, to include in their products. Cancer Multivitamin and multimineral dietary supplements: definitions, characterization, bioavailability, and drug interactions. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018;118:2162-73. When your child needs vitamin D, iron, and zinc. [, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. Excess nutrient intakes are even more likely among MVM users who also take single vitamin and mineral supplements [15]. about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. An earlier analysis of 20112014 NHANES data found that 31.2% of the U.S. adult population aged 19 years and older reported taking an MVM in the past 30 days [2]. On the whole, the . Similarly, the American Heart Association advises against the use of MVMs to prevent CVD because scientific studies have found them to be of no value for this purpose [52]. Host factors include homeostatic mechanisms that regulate absorption or excretion depending on the nutrient status of the host . The FNB does not address whether or to what extent nutrient supplements can compensate for dietary inadequacies. [, Wang J-B, Abnet CC, Fan J-H, Qiao Y-L, Taylor PR. This document does not contain all possible side effects and others may occur. Vitamins are important building blocks of . People take MVMs for various reasons. There are two different types of vitamin D, vitamin D3, which is the form . Minerals, vitamins, and an immunity booster derived from various plant extracts are included. The supplement users reported better overall health than the nonusers, but the results showed no differences in various psychological, physical, or functional health outcomes [37]. When injected intravenously, it will increase circulating plasma volume by approximately 3 times the volume infused within 15 minutes if the client is well hydrated. Vitamin K. Accessed January 12, 2011. Because of limited information on product characteristics, our ability to directly compare results across studies, estimate changes in usage patterns or intakes over time, and generalize . The supplements provided no protection from CVD. Boulder, CO: New Hope Network, 2021. All results were adjusted to exclude potential confounders, such as the use of single vitamin or mineral supplements. Take this medication by mouth, usually once daily or as directed. Most have not found an effect of MVM use on any of the health outcomes measured. 1. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029-35. Common side effects may include: upset stomach; Enzymes for detoxification of various mycotoxins: origins and mechanisms of catalytic action. The DGA adds that infants fed human milk might also require a vitamin B12 supplement if the mother's vitamin B12 status is inadequate, which might occur, for example, if she follows a vegan diet [54]. Stay Informed, Stay Healthy! Published online ahead of print. The USPSTF also noted that beta-carotene supplementation may increase the risk of mortality from CVD. If you have questions about affording vitamin supplements, contact CF Foundation Compass by calling 844-COMPASS, Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. until 7 p.m. Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining, increased urination, stomach bleeding, uneven heart rate, confusion, and muscle weakness or limp feeling. [, Bailey RL, Fakhouri TH, Park Y, Dwyer JT, Thomas PR, Gahche JJ, et al. Next: . Deficiency Signs and Symptoms. This fact sheet by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. Various government surveys of dietary supplements and popular food-frequency questionnaires also define MVs and MVMs differently, include different examples, or ask about different products. Nutrition Business Journal. Even after using MVs and MVMs daily for at least 10 years, the women had the same risk of breast cancer as the nonusers. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20892, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. From Sources and Bioavailability to Cardiovascular-Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms of Action - NCBI. For guidance from NCCIH on using PubMed, see How To Find Information About Complementary Health Approaches on PubMed. Some experts have hypothesized that MVM use might increase the chance of a healthy birth outcome. Nutrients 2017; 9: 655. Some MVMs contain amounts of some vitamins and minerals that are substantially higher than the DV, RDA, AI, or even, in some cases, the established Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). US Pharm. After the investigators followed participants for up to 20 additional years, when participants were no longer taking the study supplement, the use of the MVMs during the RCT did not result in lower rates of total mortality or mortality from any cause of death examined, including cancer, heart disease, and stroke [45]. Even in the United States, the amount of folic acid in prenatal MVM supplements is typically 800 or 1,000 mcg, which is much higher than the recommended amount (400 mcg) to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in babies [19]. These stacks can either be a mix within the same type of nootropics, such as a mixture of racetams or between different types, such as mixing choline with ampakines. J Nutr 2016;146:1235-40. [, Rock CL. The model comprises an oxygenation that is coupled to carbon-carbon bond . They belong to the micro nutrients and are required for normal metabolism in layer poultry. The rate of death from breast cancer (6.7% of the cohort) was 30% lower among the MVM users than nonusers. The mineral fluoride not only helps bone formation but also keeps dental cavities from starting or worsening. Some studies have suggested potential health benefits or harms from the use of MVMs, but others have found none. The DGA, noting the difficulty of obtaining sufficient vitamin D from foods, advises that young children might need to continue taking a vitamin D supplement after age 12 months [54]. Calciumade provides bone and joint care because it has high levels of elemental calcium carbonate that helps strengthen bones, Vitamin D 3 for better calcium absorption, and minerals (magnesium, zinc, and manganese) that help in making joints flexible. Some electrolytes and water non-soluble vitamins require an active uptake mechanism. Effects of cocoa extract and a multivitamin on cognitive function: A randomized clinical trial. RCTs The products provided an average of 14 nutrients, although the products with 3 nutrients in 5 trials did not contain a mineral. Adv Nutr 2020;11:753-9. Approximately 48% of the men and 52% of the women in this study reported taking an MV or MVM. People with healthier diets and lifestyles are more likely to take dietary supplements, making it hard to identify any benefits from their use. Multivitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Infants and children Several epidemiological studies and small RCTs have suggested associations between higher intakes of antioxidants or zinc and reduced risk of AMD, although not consistently [30]. What is known about the safety of multivitamin-multimineral supplements for the generally healthy population? As with some observational studies, some RCTs have suggested that MVM use has potential health benefits, but others have found no such benefits. Multiple-micronutrient supplement for women during pregnancy (review). Vitamin K is involved in blood clotting and decreases the effectiveness of warfarin and similar drugs. MMWR 2020;69:1557-62. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. . However, the supplement users had a 14% lower risk of undergoing cardiac revascularization (coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting). NIH State-of-the-Science Panel. Vitamin (Common Names) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or Daily Adequate Intake (AI)*. The fat-soluble group includes the Vitamins A, D, E and K, while vitamins of the B complex (B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, pantothenic . Ann Pharmacother 2011;45:476-84. Furthermore, investigators define MVMs differently (or sometimes not at all) in their studies to evaluate the potential health effects of these products. Men who took a daily MV or MVM had a 2% higher overall risk of cancer, including a 3% higher risk of prostate cancer, 8% higher risk of lung cancer, and a 16% higher risk of leukemia (which increased to 26% higher if they took more than one MV or MVM daily). Disclaimer: This content has been produced purely for informational and educational purposes only and is never intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical guidelines including diagnosis, advice, and treatment. Dietary supplements to enhance exercise and athletic performance come in a variety of forms, including tablets, capsules, liquids, powders, and bars. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that people capable of becoming pregnant consume 400 mcg/day of folic acid from fortified foods, dietary supplements, or both [6,53]. In the French Supplmentation en Vitamines et Minraux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) study, investigators randomly assigned 13,017 adults aged 3560 years to receive a placebo or a daily supplement containing moderate amounts of vitamin C (120 mg), vitamin E (30 mg), beta-carotene (6 mg), selenium (100 mcg), and zinc (20 mg) [48]. Vitamins are organic molecules necessary for normal metabolism in animals, but either are not synthesized in the body or are synthesized in inadequate quantities and must be obtained from the diet. J Nutr 2021;151:1976-82. Whether you are stacking different types of natural nootropics, synthetic . However, MVMs often have small amounts of certain nutrients, such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, so supplement users should check product labels. What is a multivitamin? One RCT randomized 1,708 participants aged 50 years and older who had had an MI at least 6 weeks earlier to take a daily MVM containing 27 nutrients (many in doses higher than recommended amounts) for a median of 31 months (range 13 to 60 months) or a placebo as well as their standard medications. Your child needs a variety of vitamins and minerals to grow healthy and strong. When taken as directed, multivitamins and minerals are not expected to cause serious side effects. Whether studies find any benefits (or risks) of MVMs depends in large part on the combinations and amounts of nutrients in the MVMs used, and these studies' results are not generalizable to the enormous variety of MVMs available in the marketplace. Honey has a low glycemic index, loaded with polyphenols, enzymes, minerals, and vitamins. How to use Theragran-M oral. One way to group them is as follows (Table 1): An additional complication for this product category is that many dietary supplements are not labeled as MVMs even though they contain a variety of vitamins and minerals [1]. Studies on the association between MVM use and cancer-related deaths include one that followed 7,728 women in the Women's Health Initiative who had invasive breast cancer for an average of 7.1 years after their diagnosis [22]. Participants who took the MVM did not have fewer major cardiovascular events, myocardial infarctions, strokes, or cardiovascular-related deaths than nonusers [38]. In the presence of insulin, the micronutrient combination tested further enhanced this effect up to 1445% over controls. Many types of MVMs, the focus of this fact sheet, are available in the marketplace. MVM supplementation did not reduce total invasive cancers, although it lowered the incidence of lung cancer by 38%, and it did not reduce any cardiovascular events (such as heart attacks or strokes), death from CVD, or all-cause mortality. Resveratrol is a natural compound that belongs to a group of polyphenols called stilbenes. Taking excess amounts of vitamin A (preformed retinol form, not as beta-carotene) during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk of birth defects. [, Park S-Y, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. Explore the pages linked above to learn about: What vitamin D, iron, and zinc do. Previous. This is the essential step leading to carboxylation and activation of the blood-clotting proteins. Vitamin C is responsible for synthesizing collagen and is necessary for proper wound healing.6 Vitamin C is also secreted in breast milk thus, a higher dietary intake is recommended for lactating women to make up for this loss. Observational studies Revitalize Multi-vitamin and Mineral Complex: Iron (1.5 mg / cap) + Ascorbic acid . Wagner CL, Greer FR, and the Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Nutrition. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Overall, MVMs do not appear to reliably reduce the risk of chronic diseases when people choose to take these products for up to a decade (or more) or when studies randomize people to take them as part of a clinical trial. Use of MVs or MVMs (not further defined) was associated with an 11% lower risk of colon cancer mortality than among nonusers. We will explore situations that a multivitamin may be health-promoting, as well as if there is a benefit or harm in taking extra nutrients . Many foods also have fiber and other substances that can provide health benefits. Carbohydrates are degraded into monosaccharide or oligosaccharide sugars by the action of amylase. [. Results from several studies demonstrate both the use of MVMs for nutritional insurance by some individuals and the potential of MVMs to lead to excessive intakes for others. Both observational studies and clinical trials have examined this possibility. Cancer Causes and Control 2001;12:927-34. [, Kim J, Choi J, Kwon SY, McEvoy JW, Blaha MJ, Blumenthal RS, et al. Vitamins and minerals are essential substances that our bodies need to develop and function normally. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 3. Because breastmilk provides little vitamin D, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that exclusively and partially breastfed infants receive supplements of 400 IU (10 mcg)/day of vitamin D beginning in the first few days after birth and continued until the infant is weaned and drinks at least 1 liter or 1 quart of vitamin D-fortified formula or whole milk daily [58]. No U.S. government health agency, private health group, or health professional organization promotes regular use of MVMs. Product Presentation. A 2021 meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (not including the study described above) evaluated the use of MVMs (defined as products that included most vitamins and minerals) by 22,773 individuals and a variety of CVD outcomesincluding total CVD incidence and mortality, MI incidence and mortality, and stroke incidence and mortalityand all-cause mortality [29]. Multinutrients for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:325S-7S. Vitamins & Minerals. The COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) was a subsequent clinical trial to investigate whether MVMs might help prevent cancer and CVD in both men and women [42]. A meta-analysis of 20 RCTs investigated whether supplementation with MVMs (whose composition varied by study but that contained multiple nutrients including iron and folic acid) by pregnant people led to better birth outcomes than use of supplements containing only iron with or without folic acid or, in one study, a placebo [33]. [, Blumberg JB, Frei BB, Fulgoni III VL, Weaver CM, Zeisel SH. An evidence review commissioned by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) included 78 RCTs with 324,837 participants and 6 cohort studies with 390,689 participants [49]. Prevalence of dietary supplement use in US children and adolescents, 2003-2014. [, Rose EG, Murphy MSQ, Erwin E, Muldoon KA, Harvey ALJ, White RR, et al. Know the Science features a variety of materials, including interactive modules, quizzes, and videos, as well as links to informative content from Federal resources designed to help consumers make sense of health information. Many of these products contain numerous ingredients in varied combinations and amounts. Nutrients 2018;10(8). Inflammation is a biological response of the immune system that can be triggered by many factors, like microbes, infections, and damaged cells. Nausea. Below mentioned are some of the details about this product. In 2006, researchers reviewed 63 published RCTs between 1966 and early 2006 that evaluated the potential impacts of MVs and MVMs and individual nutrient supplements on health and on the risk of certain medical conditions (cancer; age-related sensory loss; and cardiovascular, endocrine, neurologic, musculoskeletal, gastroenterologic, renal, and pulmonary diseases) [7]. Risk of deficiency in multiple concurrent micronutrients in children and adults in the United States. Minerals (especially taken in large doses) can cause side effects such as tooth staining, increased urination, stomach bleeding, uneven heart rate, confusion, and muscle weakness or limp feeling. But taking an MVM can also raise the chances of getting too much of some nutrients, like iron, vitamin A, zinc, niacin, and folate/folic acid, especially when a person takes more than a basic, once-daily product that provides 100 percent of the daily value (DV) ofnutrients. MVM supplementation, with or without the cocoa extract, improved global cognition, a benefit most pronounced in participants with a history of CVD. [, Paranjpe MD, Chin AC, Paranjpe I, Reid NJ, Duy PQ, Wang JK, et al. Oral high-dose multivitamins and minerals after myocardial infarction. The study measured rates of major CVD events, including MI, stroke, and CVD death [27]. [, Cowan AE, Jun S, Gahche JJ, Tooze JA, Dwyer JT, Eicher-Miller HA, et al. Choosing whole grain side dishes, cereals, breads and more may lower the risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer and improve digestion, too. 1. Based on this review, the USPSTF concluded there was insufficient evidence to determine "the balance of benefits and harms" in taking MVMs to prevent CVD or cancer [50]. A subsequent study, AREDS2, tested whether adding omega-3 fatty acids (containing 650 mg eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 350 mg docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) or lutein (10 mg) and zeaxanthin (2 mg) to the AREDS formula would make it more effective [32]. Dietary supplement use differs by socioeconomic and health-related characteristics among U.S. adults, NHANES 2011-2014. For example, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, in an evidence-based review of the role of MVMs in chronic disease prevention, defined MVMs as products containing at least three vitamins and minerals in amounts below the UL but no herbs, hormones, or drugs [7]. Obimin Plus is a pre- and postnatal supplement to help provide adequate supply of vitamins, minerals and DHA and EPA, during pregnancy and lactation. MVMs providing nutrients in recommended amounts do not ordinarily interact with medications, with one important exception. Nutrition Reviews 2021; published online ahead of print. Dietary vitamins and minerals play ubiquitous roles throughout the human body by serving as veritable "helping hands" (e.g. Gestational folate and folic acid intake among women in Canada at higher risk of pre-eclampsia. Normally provided in combination with dietary minerals. Women who took more than one MV or MVM daily had a 53% higher risk of oropharyngeal cancer but a 35% lower risk of leukemia. [, O'Connor EA, Evans CV, Ivlev I, Rushkin MC, Thomas RG, Martin A, Lin JS. A randomized trial. [, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD, Christen WG, Bubes V, Smith JP, MacFadyen J, et al. Vomiting. Molecules, 24 (2019), p. 2362, 10.3390/molecules24132362. Inflammation comes from the Latin word inflammare, which means "to set on fire.". Obtaining sufficient amounts of folic acid in the periconceptual period reduces the risk of neural tube defects in newborns. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Therefore, the folic acid intakes of pregnant people who take these supplements and consume any foods fortified with this nutrient exceed the UL for this nutrient (1,000 mcg), even though many do not consume recommended amounts of folate from dietary sources alone [18]. The micronutrient combination tested had a comparable efficacy to insulin in facilitating glucose uptake by . Vitamins are not sources of energy as are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. These interactions can make a drug less effective, increase the action of a drug, or cause unexpected side effects. An analysis by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of data collected from 2003 to 2006 found 33% of the U.S. population ages 1 year and older took an MVM supplement in a given month. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417-36. Other observational data on multiple outcomes come from a cross-sectional analysis of data from participants in the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. When you combine at least two or more of these brain-enhancing formulas, what you get is called a stack. However, individuals who take MVMs and other supplements and who consume fortified foods and beverages might obtain some nutrients in amounts exceeding the UL, increasing the possibility of adverse effects [62]. The compound is produced by plants as a defense mechanism against stress, injury, and infection. Honey possesses antimicrobial, anti . For example, a 2018 meta-analysis of 16 prospective cohort studies (including the study described above and the 2 below) and 2 RCTs evaluated the association between use of MVMs (defined as containing more than three vitamins and minerals) and risk of various CVD outcomes, including coronary heart disease and stroke [25]. A lack of these vitamins and minerals typically impairs blood health and the conversion of macronutrients into usable energy (i.e., ATP). The World Health Organization recommends iron and folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy [57]. Vitamins & Minerals; Supplier Directory; . Multivitamins with iron are used to provide vitamins and iron that are not taken in through the diet. [, Prentice RL. NCCIH has provided this material for your information. 2013;309:2005-15. [, Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, et al. Instead, vitamins serve as chemical partners for the enzymes involved in the body`s metabolism, cell production, tissue repair, and other vital processes. However, supplement use increased the proportion of pregnant people with some intakes of iron (27.9%) and folic acid (33.4%) above the UL. Shelf Life/Expiry: 1.5 Years or 18 months from the date of manufacturing. Both the men's and women's One a Day 50+ multivitamins, which Miller and Sonpal recommend, contain calcium and vitamin D, a powerful combo for keeping aging bones strong. However, MVM users had excessive intakes of several nutrients; 1015% had excessive intakes of vitamin A, iron, and zinc, and 4861% had excessive intakes of niacin. Estimation of total usual dietary intakes of pregnant women in the United States. The mechanism of action of resveratrol is complex and not fully understood. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:308S-13S. The brand name of Lycopene Multivitamin and Multimineral Capsules presented by Creogenic Pharma is CREPENE. Vitamin D production in the skin under the influence of sunlight (UVB) is maximized at levels of sunlight exposure that do not burn the skin. Simply stated, dietary supplements arent required to be standardized in the United States. The products provided an average of 14 nutrients, although the products with 3 nutrients in 5 trials did not contain a mineral. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1492-8. The study's goal was to determine whether the supplement reduced the risk of additional cardiovascular events or death [28]. Essentially all vitamin absorption occurs in the small intestine. Multivitamin/mineral supplements (MVM) are widely used in many populations. Check Price on Chewy. MVM use is also more common among the children of women who take supplements; older adults; individuals with more education, a higher income, a healthier lifestyle and diet, and lower body-mass index (BMI); and residents of the western United States [1,2]. The investigators calculated nutrient intakes from participants' diets using a food frequency questionnaire and from MVMs (taken by 23%) using the nutrient composition of two commonly used MVMs. Cobalamin. This section summarizes the evidence on the use of MVMs to increase nutrient intakes and to improve health or prevent chronic disease. NCCIH and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provide tools to help you understand the basics and terminology of scientific research so you can make well-informed decisions about your health. This raises questions regarding the safety of . The Clearinghouse does not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, or referrals to practitioners. Multivitamin use and cardiovascular disease in a prospective study of women. Mishra S, Stierman B, Gahche JJ, Potischman N. Stierman B, Mishra S, Gahche JJ, Potischman N, Hales CM. Follow all directions on the product package, or take as directed by your doctor. Brand Name: Generic Name: 32 Multivitamins & Multiminerals Dosage form: Tablet Indications: For the prevention and treatment of vitamins & mineral deficiencies as a complete daily nutritional supplement.
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